Outstanding Contributions to Logic 3 Sven Ove Hansson Editor David Makinson on Classical Methods for Non-Classical Problems Outstanding Contributions to Logic Volume 3 Editor-in-chief Sven Ove Hansson, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Editorial Board Marcus Kracht, Universität Bielefeld Lawrence Moss, Indiana University Sonja Smets, Universiteit van Amsterdam Heinrich Wansing, Ruhr-Universität Bochum For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10033 Sven Ove Hansson Editor David Makinson on Classical Methods for Non-Classical Problems 123 Editor Sven Ove Hansson Division of Philosophy Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm Sweden ISSN 2211-2758 ISSN 2211-2766 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-7758-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7759-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7759-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956333 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface I had my first contact with David Makinson in 1987 when I was a Ph.D. student. Peter Gärdenfors advised me to send my manuscript on belief change to David, since he was such a good commentator. So I did. Three weeks later when returning home from a short vacation I found three handwritten letters from David, containing detailed comments on different parts of the manuscript. Those comments helped me tremendously in improving what became my first publication in that area (appearing in Theoria 1989). Like so many others, I have continued over the years to benefit from David’s unusual competence as a logician. I have also been much influenced by his continued efforts to make full use of the resources of classical logic. There has been much discussion about the ‘‘unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics’’ in the empirical sciences. Perhaps, we should also start discussing the unreasonable effectiveness of classical logic in the formal sciences. Several remarkable examples of that effectiveness can be found in David’s oeuvre. So it should be no surprise that I was delighted when (before becoming the series editor) I was offered the task of editing this volume. Editing the book has continued to be a pleasure, not least due to the enthusiasm and cooperative spirit of all the authors. All contributions have been thoroughly peer-reviewed (including David’s, at his own insistence). Reviewing is proverbially a thankless task, but on behalf of the authors and myself I would like to thank the reviewers who have done so much for the quality of this book: Alex Bochman, Guido Boella, Richard Booth, Luc Bovens, Richard Bradley, John Cantwell, Samir Chopra, Igor Douven, Didier Dubois, J. Michael Dunn, Eduardo Fermé, André Fuhrmann, Lou Goble, Guido Governatori, Davide Grossi, Lloyd Humberstone, Hannes Leitgeb, Joao Marcos, Tommie Meyer, Jeff Paris, Ramon Pino Perez, Tor Sandqvist, Marek Sergot, John Slaney, Kees van Deemter, Frederik van der Putte, Paul Weirich, Emil Weydert, and Gregory Wheeler. Very special thanks go to David Makinson for being just as helpful to the authors and editor of this volume as he was to me 26 years ago. Stockholm, May 24, 2013 Sven Ove Hansson v Contents Part I Introductory Preview............................................... 3 Sven Ove Hansson David Makinson and the Extension of Classical Logic ............ 11 Sven Ove Hansson and Peter Gärdenfors A Tale of Five Cities ..................................... 19 David Makinson Part II Logic of Belief Change Safe Contraction Revisited................................. 35 Hans Rott and Sven Ove Hansson A Panorama of Iterated Revision ............................ 71 Pavlos Peppas AGM, Ranking Theory, and the Many Ways to Cope with Examples ................................... 95 Wolfgang Spohn Liars, Lotteries, and Prefaces: Two Paraconsistent Accounts of Belief Change ................................. 119 Edwin Mares Epistemic Reasoning in Life and Literature .................... 143 Rohit Parikh vii viii Contents Part III Uncertain Reasoning New Horn Rules for Probabilistic Consequence: Is Oþ Enough? .... 157 James Hawthorne Non-Monotonic Logic: Preferential Versus Algebraic Semantics ..... 167 Karl Schlechta Towards a Bayesian Theory of Second-Order Uncertainty: Lessons from Non-Standard Logics .......................... 195 Hykel Hosni Part IV Normative Systems Abstract Interfaces of Input/Output Logic ..................... 225 Audun Stolpe Intuitionistic Basis for Input/Output Logic ..................... 263 Xavier Parent, Dov Gabbay and Leendert van der Torre Reasoning About Permission and Obligation ................... 287 Jörg Hansen Norm Change in the Common Law .......................... 335 John Horty Part V Classical Resources Intelim Rules for Classical Connectives ....................... 359 David Makinson Relevance Logic as a Conservative Extension of Classical Logic ..... 383 David Makinson Part VI Responses Reflections on the Contributions ............................ 401 David Makinson Appendix: David Makinson: Annotated List of Publications ........ 421 Contributors Dov Gabbay is an Augustus de Morgan (emeritus) professor of logic at the King’s College London, an Invited Professor at the University of Luxembourg, and a professor at Bar-Illan University in Isreal. He is editor-in-chief of several international journals, and several Handbooks, including the Handbook of Philo- sophical Logic. His research interests include: logic and computation; proof theory and goal-directed theorem proving; nonclassical logics and nonmonotonic rea- soning; labeled deductive systems; fibring logics; and reactive systems. His most recent books include, both co-authored with Karl Schlechta: Conditionals and Modularity in General Logics (Springer 2011); Logical Tools for Handling Change in Agent-based Systems (Springer 2009). Peter Gärdenfors is a professor of Cognitive Science at Lund University. His previous research focussed on decision theory, belief revision, and nonmonotonic reasoning. His main current research interests are concept formation, cognitive semantics, and the evolution of thinking. His main books are Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, (MIT Press 1988), Conceptual Spaces (MIT Press 2000), How Homo Became Sapiens: On the Evolution of Thinking (Oxford University Press 2003) and the forthcoming Geometry of Meaning: Semantics Based on Conceptual Spaces (MIT Press 2013). Jörg Hansen studied philosophy and law at the universities of Bielefeld, Ham- burg and Leipzig, Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig, Institute of Philosophy, with a thesis on Imperatives and Deontic Logic. He works as a lawyer in Eisenach, Germany, and in 2005 was appointed the director of the Bach House, Eisenach, the museum at Johann Sebastian Bach’s birthplace. His logical research focusses on deontic logic. Sven Ove Hansson is a professor in philosophy and head of the Division of Philosophy, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. He is editor-in-chief of Theoria and of the book series Outstanding Contributions to Logic. He is also member of the editorial boards of several journals, including the Journal of Philosophical Logic, Studia Logica, and Synthese. His logical research has its focus on belief revision, preference logic, and deontic logic. His other philo- sophical research includes contributions to decision theory, the philosophy of risk and moral, and political philosophy. His books include A Textbook of Belief ix x Contributors Dynamics. Theory Change and Database Updating (Kluwer 1999) and The Structures of Values and Norms (CUP 2001). James Hawthorne is a philosophy professor at the University of Oklahoma. His research primarily involves the development and explication of the probabilistic logics, especially