Vision trumps all other senses. We learn and remember best through pictures, not through written or spoken words. —John Medina, BRAIN RULES 1 The Science of Infographics Why do people love infographics? Humans have been drawing pictures to communicate with each other for thousands of years—from pictograms on cave walls to Egyptian hieroglyphics to ideograms on modern signs (Figure 1-1). People love using pictures to communicate and tell stories because it’s hardwired into the human brain. Infographics and data visualizations are all around us. We are surrounded by visual representations of informa- tion—charts, maps, icons, progress bars, signs, posters, diagrams, and online visuals (Figure 1-2). These are all examples of visual communication, but these are not all infographics. c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM FIGURE 1-1 Altamira bison cave painting, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, and modern signs. The word infographic is used by people to mean many different things. In many cases infographics and data visualizations are considered synonymous, but in the world of an infographic designer they mean different things. Data visualizations are the visual representations of numerical values. Charts and graphs are data visualizations and create a picture from a given set of data. Figure 1-3 shows the price chart of the S&P 500, the NASDAQ, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1950. The reader can easily see the overall upward trend and the comparison between the three data sets. Including the volume chart beneath the price chart, this data visualization creates a picture using at least 80,000 data points. 2 The Science of Infographics c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM FIGURE 1-2: Collage of infographics and data visualizations The Science of Infographics 3 c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM FIGURE 1-3: Stock price chart It takes us only seconds to understand the long-term trend, to see the close relationship between the three indices, and to see the significant spikes and falls in the stock market. This visualization easily fits on one piece of paper, a computer screen without scrolling, or a presentation slide. Seeing the entire data set on one page, we can understand the data quickly and with little effort. This is an efficient way to communicate data. Data visualizations can be very space efficient by visualizing a large set of numbers in a small space. By designing a visualization that displays all of the data within the readers’ field of view, this enables us to see the entire data set with minimal eye movement without scrolling or flipping between pages. If we looked at a spreadsheet with 80,000 values instead, how long would it take us to get a general understanding of the market? In 2001, Dr. Edward R. Tufte, one of the pioneers of modern data visualization and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science from Yale University, clearly explained this phenom- enon when he stated, “Of all methods for analyzing and communicating 4 The Science of Infographics c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM statistical information, well-designed data graphics are usually the simplest and at the same time the most powerful.”[1] This screen shot (Figure 1-4) from the StockTouch app on an iPad is another example of a good data visualization design. The top 100 largest U.S. stocks are shown from nine different market sectors. In this view, the companies from each market segment are organized in a spiral pattern from largest (in the center) to smallest. Each stock is color coded based on its stock price performance over the prior 12 months, but the time period is adjustable with the slider on the right. The shades of green show stock prices that have increased, and shades of red show prices that have decreased. FIGURE 1-4: Heatmap visualization of stock price changes coolinfographics.com/Figure-1-4 Source: StockTouch iOS app, Visible Market, Inc. The Science of Infographics 5 c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM Whether it’s a new definition or an additional definition of the term infographics, its use now implies much more than just a data visualiza- tion. Up until recently, a common definition for infographics was sim- ply “a visual representation of data”; however, that definition is outdated and is more indicative of data visualizations. Originally derived from the phrase information graphics, infographics was a term used in the production of graphics for newspapers and magazines. Today, the use of the word infographics has evolved to include a new definition that means a larger graphic design that combines data visualizations, illustrations, text, and images together into a format that tells a complete story. In this use of the word, data visualizations by themselves are no longer considered to be complete infographics but are a powerful tool that designers often use to help tell their story visu- ally in an infographic. This new definition of infographics is used consistently throughout this book. and data visualizations are meant as a separate design element used within the design of infographics. The art of data visualization is a huge topic about which many books have been written and is taught in many university classes. For the purposes of this book, they are not synonymous. As shown in Figure 1-5, charts were the primary design element used to create the infographic, Could You Be a Failure? The designer, Jess Bach- man (byjess.net), combined data visualizations (line charts), along with text, illustrations, and a photo of a Sharpie marker into this complete infographic design. The overall design is considered to be one info- graphic that uses many data visualizations in its design. However, the best infographics tell complete stories. Infographics have become more like articles or speeches than charts. Their purpose can be categorized into the same three objectives as public speaking: to inform, entertain, or persuade the audience. They have introductions to get readers’ attention, so the readers know why they should take the time to read the infographic. They end with conclusions and calls to action, so the readers have some indication of what they should do with the information they have just learned. 6 The Science of Infographics c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM FIGURE 1-5: Infographic design made from 10 data visualizations coolinfographics.com/Figure-1-5 Source: Could you be a Failure? from Jess.net and Smarter.org The Science of Infographics 7 c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM This is how many would-be designers end up designing bad infograph- ics. Many designs simply put a bunch of data visualizations on the same page without a cohesive story. They include all the data available, instead of choosing only the data relevant to a central storyline. The process of good infographic design is about storytelling and not about just making your data visualization pretty or eye-catching. The term infographics is also becoming mainstream. Thirty years ago, the word was only used by art directors and print publications, but the Internet has changed that. Figure 1-6 (based on data from Google Insights for Search) shows that the last 3 years (2010–2012) has seen extraordinary growth in people searching for the term infographic. The Internet is turning infographics into a household word. FIGURE 1-6: Growth of search for the term infographic 8 The Science of Infographics c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM Information Overload We are all confronted with an immense amount of data and informa- tion every day—news, advertisements, e-mail, conversations, text mes- sages, tweets, books, billboards, signs, videos, and of course the entire Internet. The challenge we face is to filter out the junk, focus on the relevant information, and remember the important stuff. It’s a push-pull problem. We are actively seeking information, and at the same time, companies and advertisers are pushing their information at us. The Rise of the Informavore The first part of this problem is that people are constantly looking to find new information. In a real sense, we are our own enemy. We are confronted by most of the information because we look for it. The sim- plified reason for this is that we want to be better informed so we can make better decisions. In 1983, George A Miller[2], one of the founders of the field of cognitive psychology, coined the term informavore to describe the behavior of humans to gather and consume information (Figure 1-7). It was later popularized by philosopher Daniel Dennett[3] and by cognitive scientist Steven Pinker[4]. Miller states, “Just as the body survives by ingesting negative entropy, so the mind survives by ingesting information. In a very general sense, all higher organisms are informavores.” In 2000, technology writer Rachel Chalmers[5] wrote, “We’re all infor- mavores now, hunting down and consuming data as our ancestors once sought woolly mammoths and witchetty grubs.” She wrote that description as part of her article on how researchers at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center in California were investigating how people find information on the Internet by using anthropology to compare them to the foraging habits of early humans. Here’s the condensed version: The results were that the two behaviors were similar. The Rise of the Informavore 9 c01.indd 13-09-2013 12:14 AM FIGURE 1-7: The evolution of the informavore This behavior of hunting for information is not new. Humans have been driven to gather new information since before recorded history. It’s a major reason that humans have not only survived, but also have devel- oped the advanced civilization that exists today.