International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 9 Issue 9 Ser. II || September 2020 || PP 49-52 Wildlife Photography over Nature Photography D. Randula Podduwage1, R.M.Patrick Ratnayake2 1, 2 – Drama & Theatre and Image Arts Unit, Department of Fine Arts, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. ABSTRACT Wildlife photography is one of the most popular genres in photography. Although the history of wildlife photography goes back more than 100 years, until recently there was no internationally accepted definition for it. Since 2015, a number of leading photography organizations around the world have filled this gap, establishing the wildlife photography genre as a more consistent subject area, subject to a common international definition. The main purpose of this article is to identify the exact shape of the wildlife photography genre by considering the specific newly introduced definition with referring to existing sources. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 10-09-2020 Date of Acceptance: 25-09-2020 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION Capturing nature and wildlife images is an exclusive subject area of photography. It consists with the collaboration knowledge of few subjects like Photography, Art, Technology, Wildlife and Environment. Presently nature and wildlife photography and filming has been established as a one of the leading genres of photography and as a recognized profession. Also it‟s been a trendy popular hobby among worldwide photographers(theartcareerproject.com 2014). There are many of photography competitions and publications regarding the nature and wildlife photography genre from local to international levels. Among them, “Wildlife Photographer of the Year“ photography competition, which has been annually organized by the „Natural History Museum of London‟ and „BBC wildlife‟ is regarded as the most prestigious nature and wildlife photography competition in the world (Nicholls 2014). In 2014 the contest has received nearly 42000 entries from 96 countries(nhm.ac.uk 2014). It proves the popularity of the competition as well as the popularity of the wildlife photography subject around the world. In Sri Lanka, the annual photography exhibition named as “Young Eye on Nature” is the longest running nature and wildlife photography event of the country. The exhibition has been organized by Young zoologists‟ Association of Sri Lanka through the last 25 years with the participation of both amateur and professional Sri Lankan photographers. However in the presence many annually holding wildlife photography exhibitions and competitions (like “Nethadara” wildlife and nature photography exhibition organizing by the University of Moratuwa) can be observed in the country. These facts are clear evidences to prove the progression of the popularity of wildlife photography in Sri Lanka as well. Consequently today many people are engaged in the nature and wildlife photography field. They are pompously calling themselves as wildlife photographers while eagerly wandering through forests and natural environs to capture nature and wildlife to their cameras. However, it is not fair to call all of them as „wildlife photographers‟ merely due to this reason. We cannot either annotate a photographer as a „wildlife photographer‟ quite because they use telephoto lenses to capture the nature. DEFINING NATURE AND WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY According to the Collins dictionary, a wildlife photographer is, “someone that specializes in taking photographs of wild animals, especially in their natural habitats, and plants” (Collins English Dictionary 2015) But this definition is also not a complete definition to outline the character of a wildlife photographer or to delineate the wildlife photography subject. In 1st of June 2014, a new sound definition for nature and wildlife photography was established to fulfill this huge gap of defining the wildlife photography subject. The new definition was found through a collaborative effort of few international photographic associations (RPS 2014); “Nature photography is restricted to the use of the photographic process to depict all branches of natural history, except anthropology and archaeology, in such a fashion that a well-informed person will be able to identify the subject material and certify its honest presentation. The story telling value of a photograph must be weighed more than the pictorial quality while maintaining high technical quality. Human elements shall not be present, except where those human elements are integral parts of the nature story such as nature subjects, like barn owls or storks, adapted to an environment modified by humans, or where those human DOI: 10.35629/7722-0909024952 www.ijhssi.org 49 | Page Wildlife Photography over Nature Photography elements are in situations depicting natural forces, like hurricanes or tidal waves. Scientific bands, scientific tags or radio collars on wild animals are permissible. Photographs of human created hybrid plants, cultivated plants, feral animals, domestic animals, or mounted specimens are ineligible, as is any form of manipulation that alters the truth of the photographic statement. No techniques that add, relocate, replace, or remove pictorial elements except by cropping are permitted. Techniques that enhance the presentation of the photograph without changing the nature story or the pictorial content, or without altering the content of the original scene, are permitted including HDR, focus stacking and dodging / burning. Techniques that remove elements added by the camera, such as dust spots, digital noise, and film scratches, are allowed. Stitched images are not permitted. All allowed adjustments must appear natural. Color images can be converted to grayscale monochrome. Infrared images, either direct- captures or derivations, are not allowed. Images used in Nature Photography competitions may be divided in two classes: Nature and Wildlife. Images entered in Nature sections meeting the Nature Photography Definition above can have landscapes, geologic formations, weather phenomena, and extant organisms as the primary subject matter. This includes images taken with the subjects in controlled conditions, such as zoos, game farms, botanical gardens, aquariums and any enclosure where the subjects are totally dependent on man for food. Images entered in Wildlife sections meeting the Nature Photography Definition above are further defined as one or more extant zoological or botanical organisms free and unrestrained in a natural or adopted habitat. Landscapes, geologic formations, photographs of zoo or game farm animals or of any extant zoological or botanical species taken under controlled conditions are not eligible in Wildlife sections. Wildlife is not limited to animals, birds and insects. Marine subjects and botanical subjects (including fungi and algae) taken in the wild are suitable wildlife subjects, as are carcasses of extant species. Wildlife images may be entered in Nature sections of Exhibitions.” (RPS 2014) DIFFERENTIATING WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY OVER NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY. The new definition came in to effect from 1st of January 2015 and now it is being majorly use globally as the definition for nature and wildlife photography category. However, at present people seems to use the term “Nature photography” as a synonym for wildlife photography genre. It is not untrue in general conditions as Wildlife photography and Nature photography are considered as very compatible genres. Both have many similarities and only few differences. Hence the definition covered both wildlife and nature photography genres underneath a common category, it used the common term as “Nature Photography” to call for both nature and wildlife photography genres. Earlier there were many commonly used definitions for “nature photography” (Ex: FIAP definition of Nature photography before 2014). But these definitions did not consider wildlife photography as a specific or a related section. However this defect was corrected through this new nature photography definition by discussing nature and wildlife photography as two different sub categories. “Images used in Nature Photography competitions may be divided in two classes: Nature and Wildlife”. In this case the definition respectively outlines and clarifies about “nature photography” as a whole. The first requirement of any nature or wildlife photograph is that it must be a result of any photographic process. It means that images have to capture on a light sensitive surface like a film or a sensor. It defines nature photography has to depict all branches of natural history, except anthropology (the study of humanity and modern humans) and archaeology (the study of past human life and culture). Natural history is a vast field consisting with many subjects like botany, zoology, geology, and ecology. In dictionary it defines as the study of animals and plants in wild state or the study of all natural phenomena (Collins English Dictionary 2015). As an advocate for natural history, Dr. T.L.Fleischner has explained that natural history spans disciplines, it flows through science and painting and poetry and photography and literature and walks in the woods. So he believes that natural history as