BiblioNoticias No. 88, January 1997 Editor: Ann Hartness Carnival in Brazil: Selected Sources Compiled by Katherine McCann Carnival, the annual celebration before Lent, is perhaps the most widely attended of Brazilian festivals and certainly the most widely recognized internationally. Scholars and writers from various disciplines continue to examine Carnival, Carnaval in Portuguese, as both a reflection and a distortion of national identity. This bibliography is intended to help the reader locate materials that describe the history, music, and images of Carnival, and its role in Brazilian popular culture. Many more sources can be located through the General LibrariesÕ online catalog, UTCAT. The basic search term is CARNIVAL--BRAZIL. For items related to a specific city, use CARNIVAL--BRAZIL--[city name]. Other useful subject terms are FESTIVALS--BRAZIL, SAMBA (DANCE)--BRAZIL, FREVO (DANCE), and BRAZIL--SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS. Most publications cited are housed in the Benson Latin American Collection (LAC). General Sources Hartness, Ann. Brazil in Reference Books, 1965-1989: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991. A bibliography of works published during a twenty-five year period with an emphasis on humanities, social sciences, and fine arts. Includes books, pamphlets, serials, government publications. Journals listed only if the entire issue pertains to the subject. Arranged in broad subject categories with author and subject indexes. Informative annotations vary in length from one to seven sentences. See subject index for entries on Carnival and samba. Z 1671 H39 1991 LAC -- Latin American Reference Collection Levine, Robert M. Brazil Since 1930: An Annotated Bibliography for Social Historians. New York: Garland Publishing, 1980. This bibliography, divided in nine sections, deals primarily with social and political change since 1930. Includes brief citations to books, papers, journal articles, and government publications by Brazilians and Americans. See "Carnival" (13 entries) and "Samba" (9 entries) in the index. Also valuable for general works on Brazilian music. Z 1671 L488 LAC -- Latin American Reference Collection Folklore The Folkways of Brazil: A Bibliography. Compiled by Rex Gorham; edited by Karl Brown. New York: New York Public Library, 1944. One of the earliest works in English on Brazilian folklore and popular culture. Detailed annotations of 344 items published between 1843 and 1940. Concentrates on the social psychology of the highly- populated Atlantic coast, especially Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Does not include the Amazon region. Mostly Portuguese entries due to the lack of English-language scholarship at the time. Five entries on samba and seven on Carnival. G016.398 G674F LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Cascudo, Luís da Câmara. Dicionário do folclore brasileiro. 5th ed. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia, 1984. Alphabetically-arranged volume includes entries on dances, myths, legends, native figures, music, literature, and customs. Provides a historical and ethnographic perspective on the meaning of Carnival. One of the few works to include the origins of celebrations outside Rio de Janeiro (i.e. Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte). In Portuguese with some untranslated English quotations. Includes bibliography and cross-references. Several editions of this work have been published, the first in 1954. GR 133 B6 C33 1984 LAC -- Latin American Reference Collection Colonelli, Cristina Argenton. Bibliografia do folclore brasileiro. São Paulo: Conselho Estadual de Artes e Ciências Humanas, 1979. Bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author's last name with analytical index. The analytical index has ten broad sections. See numbers 16 and 18m under Mœsica and number 6.1 under Lœdica for entries on samba and carnival. Forty-three works on Carnival are listed. Also valuable for general works on folklore and popular culture, and for studies of Afro-Brazilian culture. GR 133 B6 C6464 LAC-- Benson Collection stacks Carnival Almanaque Abril 96. São Paulo: Editora Abril. A resource similar to the World Almanac, valuable for its current political, social, and cultural information. International in scope, with emphasis on Brazil. The 1996 edition of this annual publication includes the entry, "Carnaval" (pp. 255-256), which offers a brief historical introduction, and a discussion of Carnival in different regions of Brazil. Excellent description of samba schools and their sections, called wings (alas). Includes a list of Carnival winners from 1945-1995 in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Also lists the number of victories of the top samba schools in Rio. The entry "Samba" (p. 722) surveys the origin of the word, musical influences, and major composers. Cross- references and index. AY 624 A53 1996 LAC -- Latin American Reference Collection Coelho, Marisa Colnago. Bibliografia do Carnaval brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Arte e Cultura; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1992. (Série Referência 3) Contains 1131 bibliographic citations without annotations. Most are works found in the collection of the Biblioteca Amadeu Amaral da Coordenação de Folclore, of the Instituto Brasileiro de Arte e Cultura. Preface indicates that the bibliography includes books, periodicals, and newspaper articles published between 1900-1991, but most of the citations are to newspaper articles from the 1960s to the 1990s. Since Brazilian newspapers are infrequently indexed this is a valuable resource for tracing recent transformations in Carnival, and for examining the treatment of Carnival by the press. GT 4233 A2 B521 1992 LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Mello Moraes, Alexandre José de. Festas e tradiç›es populares do Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Ed. Itatiaia; São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1979. (Coleção Reconquista do Brasil, vol. 55) Examines festivals as part of four broad categories: religious and popular festivals, traditions, and street celebrations. See "O Carnaval" (pp. 29-38). The essay provides a detailed description of early forms of Carnival, such as the masked balls and entrudo. Compares Brazilian Carnival to similar European celebrations. GT 4833 M4 1979 LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Memória do Carnaval. Rio de Janeiro: Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro; RIOTUR; Oficina do Livro, 1991. Prepared by the tourist organization responsible for organizing and promoting Carnival, this work is a valuable source of facts and statistics. Describes the origins of the samba schools, as well as the songs, themes, floats, and various sections. Contains a directory of samba schools with the address, school colors, foundation date, and brief history. Also has a yearly list from 1932-1989 of the names of schools that participated, the titles of their theme songs (samba-de-enredo), and the points received in the competition. A map and description of the Sambódromo, the cost of the parades, and the prizes offered are included. Bibliography and index. GT 4233 R5 M46 1991 LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Niceas, Alcides. Verbetes para um dicionário do Carnaval brasileiro. Sorocaba, SP: FUA, 1991. 176 p. Defines words directly and indirectly related to Carnival. Identifies the origin and provides bibliographic citations at the end of entries when possible. Many definitions are actually mini-essays. Helpful to keep on hand while reading other works. GT 4233 A2 N53 1991 LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. 5 vols. Barbara A. Tennenbaum, editor-in- chief. New York: Charles ScribnerÕs Sons, 1996. 5,300 signed articles each followed by a brief list of references. Valuable entries to consult include "Carnival," "Frevo," "Percussion Groups," and "Samba Parades." Entries are incisive and up-to-date. Includes historical antecedents of Carnival and samba, the contributions of various racial and ethnic groups, and government manipulation of the international image of Carnival. Cumulative index in Volume 5. F 1406 E53 1996 LAC -- Latin American Reference Collection Historical and Sociological Aspects Eneida, Haroldo Costa. História do Carnaval carioca. Rev. e ampliada. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record, 1987. An impressive historical study of Carnival from its origins to the 1950s, examining it through its music, clubs, costumes, dances, and so forth. Two chapters describe the friends of Carnival (the press and business) and its enemies (rain, police, and pessimists). Notes the influence of Carnival on art, theater, and literature, and vice versa. Originally published in 1957. No index, some illustrations. G394.25 M791H LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Goldwasser, Maria Julia. O palácio do samba: estudo antropológico da Escola de Samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores, 1975. A detailed description of the samba school as an administrative and bureaucratic component of Carnival. Describes, in particular, the internal organization of the school. Views Carnival as an integrating aspect of Brazilian society, with the samba schools as the mediators between two extremes, the favela (slum) dwellers and the upperclass apartment residents, providing opportunities for social participation frequently denied the majority of the population. GT 4233 R5 G58 LAC -- Benson Collection stacks Matta, Roberto da. Carnavais, malandros e heróis: para uma sociologia do dilema brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores, 1979. An anthropological study of Brazilian national identity. Describes Carnival as a celebration that provides the marginalized