PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY IN OLOMOUC FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Jana ŠRÁMKOVÁ The US Foreign Policy towards Colombia: Its Impacts and Motivations Diploma thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Lenka Dušková Olomouc 2012 0 I declare in lieu of oath that I wrote this thesis myself. All information derived from the work of others has been acknowledged in the text and in a list of references given. Olomouc, 1. 5. 2012 ……………… Signature 1 Acknowledgement I am heartily thankful to my thesis supervisor Mgr. Lenka Dušková for her exceptional patience, guidance, support and helpful advice. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 8 List of figures and tables ............................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Key Words ................................................................................................................................... 13 Abstrakt ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Klíčová slova ................................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 14 Topic Outline ........................................................................................................................... 14 Aims of the Thesis ................................................................................................................... 15 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 16 1 US Involvement and Interventionism in LA and Colombia until the end of Cold War ........ 17 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 17 1.2 The History of US Policies towards Latin America ..................................................... 17 1.3 The Cold War and US Counterinsurgency Policies ...................................................... 19 2 Colombian Internal Development and US Colombian “pre-Plan of Colombia” Relations .. 26 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 26 2.2 Colombian Violence, Guerrilla Genesis and the US Engagement ..................................... 26 2.2.1 La Violencia and the Initial US Military Cooperation .......................................... 26 2.2.2 The Genesis of Counter-insurgency and Plan Lazo ............................................. 30 2.3 The Rise of the Coca Cultivation and the Guerrilla Upraise ....................................... 34 2.3.1 The Initial US-Colombia Counter-drug Strategies and its Consequences ........... 35 2.3.2 Narco-trafficking: Guerrillas and Paramilitaries .................................................. 39 2.3.3 Peace Attempts during the 80’s and US Continuous Counter-insurgency Policy 40 2.3.4 1990’s: Dealing with the Conflict Intensification and Rise in the Narco-trafficking and Crisis of the US-Colombia Relations ............................................................................. 44 3 The Issues in Colombia from the US Perspective ................................................................ 48 3.1 Narco Trafficking and Terrorism as a National Security Threat .................................. 48 3.1.1 Cocaine Issue on the US Ground ............................................................................. 50 3.2 General Strategies to Combat Drug Trafficking .......................................................... 52 3.3 United States and the “War on Drugs” ....................................................................... 54 3.3.1 US Foreign Policy Interests in Colombia ............................................................. 55 8 3.3.2 US Approaches to the Drug Control .................................................................... 56 3.3.3 US Institutional Drug Policy-Making ................................................................... 59 4 Plan Colombia ..................................................................................................................... 63 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 63 4.2 Colombian Internal Situation in 1999 ......................................................................... 63 4.3 Introduction and Adoption of Plan Colombia ............................................................. 64 4.4 Progression of Plan Colombia ..................................................................................... 66 4.5 Strategies and Components of Plan Colombia ............................................................ 72 4.5.1 Eradication of Coca Plantations .......................................................................... 74 4.5.2 Army and Policy Training and the Drug Seizure .................................................. 75 4.5.3 The Alternative Development ............................................................................. 77 4.5.4 Strengthening of Democratic Institutions ........................................................... 78 4.6 The Plan Colombia Funding and Budget ..................................................................... 79 Source: Plan Colombia Progress Report, 1999-2005: edited by the author ...................... 81 5 Critique of the Plan Colombia and Impact of the US Policies on the Colombian Internal Situation ...................................................................................................................................... 83 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 83 5.2 The Outcomes of the Plan Colombia .......................................................................... 83 5.2.1 Reducing Drug Production in Colombia .............................................................. 84 5.2.2 Improving Security Situation in Colombia ........................................................... 86 5.2.3 Outcomes of Alternative Development .............................................................. 89 5.2.4 Democracy and Rule of Law Promotion .............................................................. 90 5.3 Critique and Controversies of the Plan Colombia ....................................................... 91 5.3.1 Aerial Herbicide Spraying and Fumigation of Coca Crops ................................... 91 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 97 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 115 Appendix A: Chapter II from the Text of the 106th US Congress Public Law 246, 2001 (Concerning Plan Colombia) .................................................................................................. 116 Appendix B: Program Assistance Objectives in Colombia, 2000–2013 ................................ 123 Appendix C: Alternative Development Projects and Coca Cultivation in Colombia ............. 124 9 List of figures and tables Figure 1: Sketch of Independent Republics of Colombia (1950’s – 1960’s) .................. 32 Figure 2: Map showing the general coca cultivations areas in Colombia………..........35 Figure 3: Map showing percentual incidence of the poor in Colombia by department……………………………………………………………………………………..…35 Figure 4: Coca Cultivation in the Andean Region, 1988-2000……………………………37 Table 1: US economic/security and anti-narcotic assistance (1962-1979) .................... 38 Table 2: Table 2: US Total Military Assistance to Colombia (1975 – 1992) ................. 43 Table 3: Colombian Military Expenditures .................................................................... 45 Table 4: US Anti-narcotic assistance and total grant aid to Colombia ......................... 46 Figure 5: Graph showing estimated cocaine consumption (1988-2008) ....................... 50 Figure 6: Map of Colombia, demilitarized zones from Pastrana Peace talks…………..66 Figure 7: Coca Fumigation and Manual Eradication 1998-2007……………………..…73 Table 5: 5: US Assistance Provided to the Colombian Military and National Police, 2000-2008………………………………………………………………………………………...75 Table 6: US Nonmilitary Assistance to Colombia Programmed 2000-2004 (dollars in millions)…………………………………………………………………………………………..76 Table 7: Amount of U.S. Assistance Appropriated to Colombia, Fiscal Years 2000-2004 (dollars in millions)……………………………………………………………………………..79 Figure 8:Distribution of US Resources in Plan Colombia 1999-2005 ……………….…80 Figure 9: Coca Cultivation in Colombia