i TRENDS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN KENYA: THE CASE OF KURESOI, NAKURU COUNTY, 1992 - 2008 BY DOUGLAS MURIITHI MUTUGI REG. NO. C50/NKU/PT/24606/2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 2016 ii iii Dedication I dedicate this work to my dear wife Purity Cherus, my daughters Immaculate Lynn Muthoni and Clare Wanja, my parents, brothers and sisters. iv Acknowledgement This study would not have been possible without the assistance of several people and institutions. My gratitude first goes to my supervisors Dr. Felix Kiruthu and Dr. Lazarus Ngari who spared no efforts to initiate me into the world of scholarship. I would also like to thank all members of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies for the academic guidance during my postgraduate days (2011-2015). I would also like to thank all staff of the Post Modern and Nakuru Campus libraries of Kenyatta University for the assistance in the course of writing this work. I cannot forget to thank my research guides, Simon Kipruto, Carol Cherop, Symon Waweru and Lawrence Irungu and all the informants who freely shared information during field research; to you all I say, thank you. I am eternally indebted to Paul Njoroge Muiru who provided me with some very resourceful reading materials, God bless you abundantly. I cannot fail to mention my classmates Brigadier Pyaban Kimutai, Captains Hassan Lahoy and Osman Omar for their support. In a very special way I wish to acknowledge my colleagues for their support and sacrifice. Finally, I thank the Almighty God for his providential guidance in my life. Great is His faithfulness iv Table of Contents Declaration .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Dedication..................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................... vii Definition of Terms ..................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................. ix Abstract ......................................................................................................... x 1.0 Chapter One: Introduction ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................. 6 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 7 1.5 Research Premises .................................................................................... 7 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ............................................... 7 1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study ............................................................ 8 2.0 Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ................. 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 10 2.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 17 2.3 Summary ................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Research Design ..................................................................................... 25 3.2 Study Locale .......................................................................................... 25 3.3 Target Population ................................................................................... 25 v 3.4 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size ..................................................... 26 3.5 Research Instruments ............................................................................. 27 3.6 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 28 3.7 Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 28 3.8 Data Management and Ethical Considerations ........................................ 29 4.0 Chapter Four: Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1992 - 1993................. 30 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 30 4.2 Ethnic Relations in Kuresoi, 1895 - 1992 ............................................... 30 4.2.1 The Olenguruone Land Crisis of 1947 ................................................. 31 4.2.2 Pre-independence Political Parties, 1960 - 1963 .................................. 34 4.2.3 The Activities of Land-Buying Companies .......................................... 37 4.3 Motives for Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1992 - 1993 .................... 38 4.4 Patterns of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1992 - 1993 ..................... 47 4.5 Consequences of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1992 - 1993 ............ 54 4.6 Summary ................................................................................................ 61 5.0 Chapter Five: Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1997 - 1998 ................. 63 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 63 5.2 Motives for Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1997 - 1998 .................... 64 5.3 Patterns of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1997 - 1998 ..................... 67 5.4 Consequences of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 1997 - 1998 ............ 70 5.5 Summary ................................................................................................ 75 6.0 Chapter Six: Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 2002 - 2008 ................... 76 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 76 6.2 The 2002 General Election ..................................................................... 76 vi 6.3 Motives for Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 2002 - 2008 .................... 78 6.4 Patterns of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 2002 - 2008 ..................... 92 6.5 Consequences of Internal Displacement in Kuresoi, 2002 - 2008 ............ 97 6.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 114 7.0 Chapter Seven: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations .............. 116 7.1 Summary .............................................................................................. 116 7.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 119 7.3 Recommendations ................................................................................ 119 7.4 Suggestions for Further Research ........................................................ 122 Appendix 1: Map of the Study Area – Kuresoi North in Nakuru County .... 129 Appendix 2: Consent Form ........................................................................ 130 Appendix 3: Interview Guide ..................................................................... 131 Appendix 4: List of Informants (NB. Pseudo Names) ................................. 136 Appendix 5: Research Authorization Letter ................................................ 141 vii List of Tables Table 2.1: 1992 Parliamentary Elections Results for Molo Constituency Table 2.2: 1992 Presidential Results Table 4.1: Ethnic Composition of Kamara Settlement Scheme, Kamara Location. viii Definition of Terms Conflict – a disagreement between individuals or ethnic groups. It can be open or latent. Ethnic – a community of people who assume that they have a common identity based on kinship ties, traditions, cultural uniqueness, a shared history and a shared language. For the study area, Kalenjin, Kikuyu and Kisii ethnic groups. Host Communities – these are communities which accommodated displaced persons. Some of these are Kalenjin, Kisii and Kikuyu. It also refers to communities where transit camps were set up, including where IDPs have become integrated, for instance Molo, Kuresoi, Kamara and Keringet. Integrated IDPs - these are displaced persons who are not officially recognized because instead of moving in to IDP camps, they went to live with relatives or friends. It also includes displaced people who rented houses in urban and semi urban areas such as Total, Mau Summit, Keringet, Molo and Nakuru. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) - these are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. For the case study area, those displaced during the 1992, 1997 and 2007 General Elections. Protracted Displacement Situations- these are situations in which the process