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Xerox University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75- 15,265 MARSHALL, John M.. 1940- MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND MEDARD BOSS: DIALOGUE BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1974 Philosophy Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND MEDARD BOSS; DIALOGUE BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOHN M. MARSHALL Norman, Oklahoma 1974 MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND MEDARD BOSS: DIALOGUE BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROVED BY , . DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My appreciation is extended to the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oklahoma for approving and encouraging an interdisciplinary dissertation topic. I owe special thanks to the Chairman of my committee, Dr. Robert W. Shahan, for his many efforts in my behalf. As well, my appreciation to the members of my committee who offered their constructive comments: Professors Carlton W. Berenda, J . Clayton Feaver, J. N. Mohanty and William Horosz. A personal acknowledgment for his behind- the-scene assistance is given to Professor Emeritus Dr. Gustav E. Mueller. I am especially grateful to Professor Dr. Medard Boss for his personal assistance, gracious hospitality and patience in helping me to better understand the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and its use in psychotherapy. To my parents, J. H. and Frances Marshall, I feel a deep sense of gratitude for their unceasing encourage­ ment. For their making it possible to spend a year studying with Dr. Medard Boss I will forever be grateful. To those who have been closest to me throughout this endeavor, to those who have experienced the stress as well as the rewards, to my family, I dedicate this dissertation. iii FOR CAROL, GREG, ERIN, LAURIE TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1. Martin Heidegger ................... 1 2. Medard B o s s ................... 22 II. METHODOLOGY; "THE WAY TO SOMETHING" 3. Phenomenology: "Only as Phe­ nomenology Is Ontology PossibleV . 46 4. Heidegger, Husserl and Conscious­ ness .............................. 6l 5. The "Leveling-off" of Phenomena . 74 6. Medard Boss and Phenomenology ... 82 111. DA-SEIN: ITS FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 7. Da-sein as "Lichtung" ....... 121 8. The Existentialia............ l46 9. Boss and Existentialia . ........ I67 IV. BEING-IN-THE-WORLD 10. "Care" as Existential a Priori . 186 11. Being-in-the-world as Asserting the Non-immanence of Self ..... I96 12. Being-with....................... 210 V. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE . 13» Heidegger and Boss on Science 251 l4. Criticisms of Daseinsanalysis . 277 15« A Critique of Humanistic, Existen­ tial Psychology .......... 294 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 325 V The ontological source of Dasein's Being is not 'inferior' to what springs from it, but towers above it in power from the outset; in the field of ontology, any 'springing-from' is degenera­ tion. If we penetrate to the 'source' ontologi- cally, we do not come to things which are ontically obvious for the 'common understanding'; but the questionable character of everything obvious opens up for us. Martin Heidegger PREFACE The often turbulent but nevertheless short history of psychology as a science reveals a strange and often strained relationship with its parent, philosophy. At its inception psychology received its identification by revolting against philosophy and basing itself on a model patterned after the natural sciences. The revolt occurred in the late nineteenth century and since that time both psychology and the philosophy it so rigorously denounced have changed. But despite the change the basic antagonism has persisted. In recent years, however, there has been a movement within the broad field of psychology which has sought the establish­ ment of a cordial and productive relationship with philoso­ phy. This movement, initiated in Europe, has now spread to the United States. As we look back from the vantage point of contempo­ rary thought, various forces involved within the movement can be discerned. There were sporadic voices calling for a detente on both sides but the major impetus for dialogue came primarily as a result of a "new" philosophy which seemed to be speaking directly to those psychologists involved in confronting the multi-faceted problems, pains vii and sufferings of fellow human beings. This new philosophy was identified as existentialism. At this point our historical vision begins to nar­ row down the general relationship between psychology and philosophy to a specific identification of psychotherapy and philosophical anthropology. This is not to negate experimental psychology or philosophy of science in the form of logical positivism or empiricism, but merely to emphasize the former relationship. In the United States, existentialism began to titi- late various psychologists because of its identification with humanistic perspectives. Many psychologists, Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Hollo May to mention a few, were already predisposed to a humanistic orientation so that the arrival of existentialism as a philosophy seemed to open up avenues of communication. The burgeoning interest within psychology over the new philosophical orientation appears to have become explicitly formulated with the publication in 1958 of Existence; A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology, edited by Hollo May, Ernest Angel guid Henri Ellenberger. ^ This publication stimulated a wide-spread interest within psychology so much so that a lasting detente between psy­ chology and philosophy was established. ^Hollo May (ed.). Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology (New York; Simon and Schuster, viii The "New Dimension" referred to in the subtitle of Existence relied heavily on existential philosophy, a philosophy which surprisingly had a longer heritage than initially realized and came replete with names and theories of various philosophers. It was also discovered that some European psychotherapists had been operating with existen­ tial themes for several years. The most notable of these therapists was Ludwig Binswanger. It was Binswanger who had taken the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and utilized it as the basis for a viable psychotherapeutic model. As far as psychologists--and philosophers--in this country were concerned the name Martin Heidegger played a prominent part in the dialogue between philosophy and psychology. As such, he was identified as a principal contributor to 2 the philosophy of existentialism. When Heidegger's major work. Sein und Zeit became available in English in 1962 it seems to have been met, for the most part, with a predisposition towards seeing it as an existential document. Since that time, however, sub­ sequent re-evaluations of Heidegger's philosophy, following his own protest at being identified with existential phi­ losophy and philosophical anthropology, has revealed that 2 The history behind this identification, complex as it is, will not be pursued at this point except to men­ tion that for psychologists the acquaintance with Heidegger came primarily from Paul Tillich and Ludwig Binswanger. See May's two introductory essays in Existence, pp. 3-91. ix there ^ a different Heidegger. It is becoming more obvious that to identify Heidegger exclusively with existen­ tialist ideas and themes is, in a way, to miss that which he is trying to say. It is now believed by