OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 2011 POST MEDIEVAL (1540-1800) Compiled by Ruth Beckley and David Radford Version: 28/1/2012 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 Nature of evidence base.......................................................................................... 5 Key themes.............................................................................................................. 6 Notable post-medieval buildings and structures (excluding colleges buildings)...... 7 Notable archaeological investigations for the post-medieval period:....................... 7 Chronology .............................................................................................................. 9 The landscape ......................................................................................................... 10 Inheritance and development ................................................................................ 10 Changes in the urban and suburban townscape ................................................... 10 Urban settlement..................................................................................................... 12 Developments in vernacular building..................................................................... 12 Archaeological evidence........................................................................................ 13 Suburban settlement .............................................................................................. 15 The development of suburban housing ................................................................. 15 The northern suburbs ............................................................................................ 15 The eastern suburbs.............................................................................................. 17 The southern suburbs............................................................................................ 18 The western suburbs ............................................................................................. 18 Rural settlement...................................................................................................... 21 Binsey.................................................................................................................... 21 Cowley................................................................................................................... 21 Headington ............................................................................................................ 21 Iffley....................................................................................................................... 22 Marston.................................................................................................................. 22 St Clements ........................................................................................................... 22 St Giles .................................................................................................................. 23 Wolvercote............................................................................................................. 23 Social and administrative organisation ................................................................ 24 Status .................................................................................................................... 24 Social welfare – hospitals ...................................................................................... 24 Social welfare – the poor ....................................................................................... 25 Legal and penal administration.............................................................................. 26 Utilities and common works................................................................................... 27 Transport and communication .............................................................................. 28 The road network and bridges............................................................................... 28 Turnpikes............................................................................................................... 29 Boundary stones.................................................................................................... 29 Canals and waterways .......................................................................................... 30 Trade and industry.................................................................................................. 32 Markets and fairs ................................................................................................... 32 Guilds .................................................................................................................... 32 Mills and mill sites.................................................................................................. 33 Quarrying............................................................................................................... 34 Inns and taverns .................................................................................................... 34 Leisure pursuits ..................................................................................................... 36 Gardens and pleasure grounds............................................................................. 38 Post-medieval gardens.......................................................................................... 38 Registered parks and gardens .............................................................................. 38 Ceremony and religion ........................................................................................... 40 Churches – archaeological investigations ............................................................. 40 Christ Church Cathedral ........................................................................................ 41 Non conformity ...................................................................................................... 41 The University of Oxford ........................................................................................ 42 Built structures and garden design ........................................................................ 42 OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT- POST-MEDIEVAL The university ........................................................................................................ 42 The university press .............................................................................................. 44 The colleges ............................................................................................................ 45 New foundations.................................................................................................... 45 Post-medieval archaeology in the medieval colleges............................................ 47 College material culture......................................................................................... 50 Post-medieval halls ............................................................................................... 51 Warfare and defences............................................................................................. 52 The Civil War ......................................................................................................... 52 The Royalist defensive lines.................................................................................. 52 The Castle ............................................................................................................. 56 The Wall Gates...................................................................................................... 57 The Parliamentarian Siegeworks........................................................................... 58 Material culture........................................................................................................ 59 Pottery ................................................................................................................... 59 Clay pipes.............................................................................................................. 61 Glass ..................................................................................................................... 63 Metalwork .............................................................................................................. 64 Coins, tokens, counters and coin-weights ............................................................. 64 Bone ...................................................................................................................... 65 Wall paintings and murals ..................................................................................... 65 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 67 Appendix 1: Post-medieval Site Gazetteer ........................................................... 82 Figure 1: Civil War defences (after De Gomme) ....................................................... 95 Figure 2: Post-medieval registered parks and gardens ............................................ 96 Table 1: Enclosure awards from parishes