22 SIPRI Research Reports A A N N D T This series of reports examines urgent arms control and security subjects. The H F O reports are concise, timely and authoritative sources of information. SIPRI E SIPRI Research Report No. 22 N D Y researchers and commissioned experts present new findings as well as easily C , H accessible collections of official documents and data. A E H N L K S Reforming Nuclear Export Controls: The Future of the Nuclear Suppliers O T REFORMING NUCLEAR Group R Ö The diversion to military programmes of materials and technologies originally M obtained from foreign suppliers for peaceful purposes has played a prominent role in the known cases of nuclear proliferation. All of these cases represent export EXPORT CONTROLS control failures. The need to strengthen nuclear export controls has been identified R by the G8 group of industrialized states as well as by the European Union. This E F study examines the structure and activities of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), O R THE FUTURE OF THE a group of 45 states committed to applying effective controls on exports of an M agreed set of items as part of a wider effort to prevent nuclear weapon I N proliferation. Looking to the future, the report analyses the place of the NSG within G NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP the overall effort to prevent nuclear proliferation. N U About the authors C L E IAN ANTHONY, Dr Ian Anthony (United Kingdom) is SIPRI Research Coordinator and Leader of A the SIPRI Non-proliferation and Export Controls Project. His recent publications for R E CHRISTER AHLSTRÖM SIPRI include Reducing Threats at the Source: A European Perspective on X Cooperative Threat Reduction, SIPRI Research Report no. 19 (2004) and, as P O AND VITALY FEDCHENKO co-editor, A Future Arms Control Agenda: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 118, R 1999 (2001). He is also editor of Russia and the Arms Trade (1998). T C Dr Christer Ahlström (Sweden) is Associate Professor of International Law at O Uppsala University and a career diplomat in the Swedish Foreign Service. He was N T Deputy Director of SIPRI from 2002 until 2005. Previously, he served as a Deputy R Director in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs on issues related to O L disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. S Vitaly Fedchenko (Russia) is a Researcher with the SIPRI Non-proliferation and Export Controls Project, with responsibility for nuclear security issues and the political, technological and educational dimensions of nuclear arms control and non-proliferation. He is the author or co-author of several publications on international non-proliferation and disarmament assistance, the international nuclear fuel cycle and Russian nuclear exports. ISBN 978-0-19-929086-4 2 1 9 780199 290864 22 SIPRI Research Reports A A N N D T This series of reports examines urgent arms control and security subjects. The H F O reports are concise, timely and authoritative sources of information. SIPRI E SIPRI Research Report No. 22 N D Y researchers and commissioned experts present new findings as well as easily C , H accessible collections of official documents and data. A E H N L K S Reforming Nuclear Export Controls: The Future of the Nuclear Suppliers O T REFORMING NUCLEAR Group R Ö The diversion to military programmes of materials and technologies originally M obtained from foreign suppliers for peaceful purposes has played a prominent role in the known cases of nuclear proliferation. All of these cases represent export EXPORT CONTROLS control failures. The need to strengthen nuclear export controls has been identified R by the G8 group of industrialized states as well as by the European Union. This E F study examines the structure and activities of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), O R THE FUTURE OF THE a group of 45 states committed to applying effective controls on exports of an M agreed set of items as part of a wider effort to prevent nuclear weapon I N proliferation. Looking to the future, the report analyses the place of the NSG within G NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP the overall effort to prevent nuclear proliferation. N U About the authors C L E IAN ANTHONY, Dr Ian Anthony (United Kingdom) is SIPRI Research Coordinator and Leader of A the SIPRI Non-proliferation and Export Controls Project. His recent publications for R E CHRISTER AHLSTRÖM SIPRI include Reducing Threats at the Source: A European Perspective on X Cooperative Threat Reduction, SIPRI Research Report no. 19 (2004) and, as P O AND VITALY FEDCHENKO co-editor, A Future Arms Control Agenda: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 118, R 1999 (2001). He is also editor of Russia and the Arms Trade (1998). T C Dr Christer Ahlström (Sweden) is Associate Professor of International Law at O Uppsala University and a career diplomat in the Swedish Foreign Service. He was N T Deputy Director of SIPRI from 2002 until 2005. Previously, he served as a Deputy R Director in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs on issues related to O L disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. S Vitaly Fedchenko (Russia) is a Researcher with the SIPRI Non-proliferation and Export Controls Project, with responsibility for nuclear security issues and the political, technological and educational dimensions of nuclear arms control and non-proliferation. He is the author or co-author of several publications on international non-proliferation and disarmament assistance, the international nuclear fuel cycle and Russian nuclear exports. ISBN 978-0-19-929086-4 2 1 9 780199 290864 REFORMING NUCLEAR EXPORT CONTROLS THE FUTURE OF THE NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP SIPRI Research Report No. 22 IAN ANTHONY, CHRISTER AHLSTRÖM AND VITALY FEDCHENKO 1 This PDF file was downloaded from the SIPRI Publications website, http://books.sipri.org/. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute is an independent institution whose task is to conduct research on questions of conflict and cooperation of importance for international peace and security. SIPRI’s aim is to contribute to an understanding of the conditions for peaceful solutions of international conflicts and for a stable peace. More information on SIPRI is available at http://www.sipri.org/. A printed edition of this book is also available. How to order From OUP in the UK Online: http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/978-0-19-929085-7 (hardback, £35) http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/978-0-19-929086-4 (paperback, £12.99) By telephone: +44 1536 741 727 By fax: +44 1536 746 337 By email: [email protected] From OUP in the USA Online: http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?ci= 9780199290857 (hardback, $70) http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?ci= 9780199290864 (paperback, $24.95) By telephone: +1-800-451-7556 (USA) or +1-919-677-0977 By fax: +1-919-677-1303 Other SIPRI Research Reports from OUP No. 21 Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation, edited by Shannon N. Kile (2005) No. 20 Technology and Security in the 21st Century: A Demand-side Perspective, by Amitav Mallik (2004) No. 19 Reducing Threats at the Source: A European Perspective on Cooperative Threat Reduction, by Ian Anthony (2004) No. 18 Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in the New Europe, by Zdzislaw Lachowski (2004) No. 17 Military Expenditure Data in Africa: A Survey of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda, by Wuyi Omitoogun (2003) No. 16 Executive Policing: Enforcing the Law in Peace Operations, edited by Renata Dwan (2002) No. 15 Russian Arms Transfers to East Asia in the 1990s, by Alexander A. Sergounin and Sergey V. Subbotin (1999) No. 14 Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in South Asia after the Test Ban, edited by Eric Arnett (1998) No. 13 Arms, Transparency and Security in South-East Asia, edited by Bates Gill and J. N. Mak (1997) No. 12 Challenges for the New Peacekeepers, edited by Trevor Findlay (1996) No. 11 China’s Arms Acquisitions from Abroad: A Quest for ‘Superb and Secret Weapons’, by Bates Gill and Taeho Kim (1995) No. 10 The Soviet Nuclear Weapon Legacy, by Marco De Andreis and Francesco Calogero (1995) No. 9 Cambodia: The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC, by Trevor Findlay (1995) No. 8 Implementing the Comprehensive Test Ban: New Aspects of Definition, Organization and Verification, edited by Eric Arnett (1994) No. 7 The Future of Defence Industries in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Ian Anthony (1994) No. 6 Arms Watch: SIPRI Report on the First Year of the UN Register of Conventional Arms, by Edward J. Laurance, Siemon T. Wezeman and Herbert Wulf (1993) No. 5 Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Threats to European Security, by Stephen Iwan Griffiths (1993) Information on all SIPRI publications is available at http://books.sipri.org/. Reforming Nuclear Export Controls The Future of the Nuclear Suppliers Group Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by a grant proposed by the Swedish Government and subsequently approved by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Ambassador Rolf Ekéus, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Willem F. van Eekelen, Vice-Chairman (Netherlands) Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) Jayantha Dhanapala (Sri Lanka) Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt) Rose E. Gottemoeller (United States) Professor Helga Haftendorn (Germany) Professor Mary Kaldor (United Kingdom) Professor Ronald G.