Notes CHAPTER 1: VICO'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Vico's Orations (1699, 1700, 1701, 1704, 1705, 1707) and His Supposed Epistemological Break (1710) 1. On the widespread belief in Vico's epistemological break, see, for exam­ ple, the volumes of articles compiled by the Institute for Vico Studies (New York): G. Tagliacozzo and H. White (eds), Giambattista Vieo: An International Symposium (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969). G. Tagliacozzo, D. P. Verene (eds), Giambattista Vieo's Science ofHumanity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). G. Tagliacozzo, M. Mooney and D. P. Verene (eds), Vieo: Past and Present (Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981). G. Tagliacozzo, M. Mooney, and D. P. Verene (eds), Vieo and Contem­ porary Thought (Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1979, rpt. London: Macmillan, 1980) reprinted from Social Research, 43, Nos. 3-4 (1976). 2. Useful studies on Vico's intellectual development include N. Caraffa, Gli studi giovanili e I'insegnamento aeeademieo di G. B. Vieo (Urbino: Melchiorre Arduni, 1912); and N. Badaloni, Vieo prima della Scienza Nuova (Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1969). 3. Autobiosraphy, pp. 3-54. 4. Anthony Kenny, Descartes: A Study of his Philosophy (New York: Random House, 1968) pp. 3-13. On the Cartesian influence in Italy see the following extremely useful work: B. de Besaucele, Les Cartesians de l'Italie (Paris: Auguste Picard: 1920); also E. Garin, 'Cartesio e l'Italia', Giornale Critieo della Filosofia Italiana 3rd series, Year 29, 4 (1950) 385-405; and F. Bouillier, Histoire de la philosophie eartesienne, 2 vols (Paris: Durand, 1854, 3rd edn (Paris: Delagrave, 1868). 5. Giambattista Vico, Le Orazioni Inaugurali, II De Italorum Sapientia e Ie Polemiehe, G. Gentile and F. Nicolini (eds) (Bari: Laterza, 1914) pp. 3-67. The preferred version of the Orations is now: Giambattista Vico, Le Orazioni Inaugurali I-VI (Bologna: II Mulino, 1982), the first completed volume of the new edition of Vico's collected works by the Centro di Studi Vichiani. Hereafter as the Orations. See: Salvatore Monti, Sulla tradizione e sui testa delle orazioni inaugurali di Vieo (Naples: Guida, 1977); and Maria Donzelli, Natura e humanitas nel giovane Vieo (Naples: Istituto italiano per gli studi storici, 1970) pp. 30-68. 6. Giambattista Vico, II Diritto Universale, F. Nicolini (ed.) (Bari: Laterza, 1936) 1 vol. bound in 3. 147 148 Notes 7. Descartes: Correspondance, C. Adam and G. Milhaud (eds), 8 vols, (Paris: Felix Alcan, Presses Universitaires de France, 1936-63). R. Descartes, The Essential Descartes, M. Wilson (ed.) (New York: Men­ tor, 1969, rpt. Scarborough, Ontario: Meridian, 1983). R. Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes, C. Adam and P. Tannery (eds), 12 vols and sup­ plement (Paris: Leopold Cerf, 1897-1913). R. Descartes, Philosophical Works of Descartes, E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (trs) , 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). On sensus communis, see Descartes, Discours de la methode; Regulae ad directionem ingenii, XII; and Vico, 1744, §142, 145. 8. Descartes, Discours de la methode. Vico, Autobiography. 9. Ibid., Regulae ad directionem ingenii, XII. Vico, 1744, §1406. 10. Ibid., Discours de la methode, ll. Kenny, p. 4. 1744, §330. 1725, II, 7, Corollary, on the problems of implementing such a scheme. 11. Ibid. Autobiography. 12. Ibid., Discours de la methode, I. See the very useful article by Yvon Belavel, 'Vico and Anti-Cartesianism', G. Tagliacozzo and H. White (eds), Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium, pp. 77-91. 13. Ibid., p. 77. Autobiography, pp. 21-22. 14. De antiquissima italorum sapientia. Autobiography (Part A, 1725). 15. Belavel, p. 77. 16. Autobiography. Descartes, Discours de la methode, I. 17. Autobiography. Descartes, Discours de la methode, VI. 18. Descartes, Regulae ad directionem ingenii, VII, vm, XII. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Belavel, p. 80. 22. Descartes, Regulae ad directionem ingenii, m. 23. See: 'Objections V and Replies', in Haldane and Ross (trs), The Philo- sophical Works of Descartes, pp. 135-203. 24. Ibid. 25. 1744, §34, 204-210, 400-403. 26. De antiquissima italorum sapientia, 1.2, 1.1, 1.3. 27. 1744, §349-360. 28. De antiquissima italorum sapientia I, II, III. C. Ciranna, Sintesi di storia della filosofia (Rome: Ciranna, 1986) vol. 2., pp. 138-,-146, esp. 139. 29. 1744, §331. 30. Descartes, 'Objections IV, and Replies', in Haldane and Ross (trs), The Philosophical Works of Descartes, pp. 79-122. 31. Ibid. 1725, I, 1. 32. Descartes, Regulae ad directionem ingenii (1).1744, §142, 1406. 33. Autobiography, pp. 30-31. De nostri temporis studio rum ratione, V. 34. Ibid. 1744, §159. 35. On 'La scienza gli uomini' ('on the science of man'), 1744, §331. Autobiography, p. 22. See: Belavel, p. 79. Notes 149 36. Ibid. Autobiography, p. 22. 37. Ibid., pp. 3-54. 38. De nostri temporis studiorum ratione, VITI. 39. Autobiography, pp. 3-54. 40. Donzelli. Fausto Nicolini, La giovinezza di Giambattista Vico (1668-1700) (Bari: Laterza, 1932). 41. Vico, Oration I, pp. 72-95. 42. Ibid., p. 82. 43. Ibid., pp. 72-95. 44. J. S. Mill, 'Bentham', in Jeremy Bentham: Ten Critical Essays, Bhikhu Parekh (ed.) (London: Frank Cass, 1974) p. 3. Rpt. from J. S. Mill, Dissertations and Discussions, 2 vols in 4 (London: John W. Parker and Son, 1859-1875) vol. 1, 1859, p. 333. 45. Oration II, pp. 96-145. 46. Ibid., p. 106. 47. Oration 11/, pp. 122-145. 48. Oration IV, pp. 146-165. 49. Ibid., p. 148. On the University of Naples, see Alan Ryder, The Kingdom of Naples under Alfonso the Magnanimous: The Making of a Modern State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976) pp. 6-9. 50. Oration V, pp. 166-187. 51. Oration VI, pp. 188-209. 52. Ibid., p. 196. 53. Ibid. 54. 1744, §283, 319. 55. Descartes, Discours de la methode, I. 56. Ibid., Regulae ad directionem ingenii, X. 57. Ibid., Discours de la methode, I. 58. Descartes, Regulae ad directionem ingenii, X. 59. See 1744, §34, 204-210, 400-403. 60. Autobiography, pp. 3-54. 61. G. F. Pico della Mirandola, On the Imagination, H. Caplan (tr) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930). 62. See Autobiography, pp. 3-22. 63. Ibid. 64. I. Berlin, 'Vico and the Ideal of the Enlightenment', Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (London: The Hogarth Press, 1979) pp. 120-129. 65. Vico, 1744 ('La pratica'), §1406-1407. 66. See especially De nostri temporis studio rum ratione. 67. 1744 ('La pratica'), § 1406-1407. 68. Mill, p. 24 (Parekh, ed.) and p. 369 (1859 ed.). And see: R. Lef~vre, L'Humanisme de Descartes (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1957) pp. 137-143 on Descartes and cultural development. 69. II diritto universale, De constantia iurisprudentis, ch. 1.1744, §118, 123, 163,338. 150 Notes 70. Laurence Brockliss article to be published in the forthcoming History of European Universities, vol. 2, by Cambridge University Press. 71. See Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, 1984; 2nd edn, New York, Random House, 1985), ch. 5, entitled 'Philosophers Trim the Tree of Knowledge: The Epistemological Strategy of the Encyclopedie' , pp. 191-213. 2. V,rum ipsumfactum 1. Donald Kunze, 'Giambattista Vico as a Philosopher of Place: Comments on a Recent Article by Mills', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S. 8 (1983) 239. 2. De antiquissima italorum sapientia, II. 3. Vico in his reply to Article 10 of Vol. 8 of the Giornale dei letterati d'ltalia (Venice, 1711), E. Gianturco (tr, ed.) On the Study Methods of Our Times (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, Library of Liberal Stud­ ies, 1965) p. xxxi. Paolo Cristofolini (ed.) Vico: Opere Filosofiche (Florence: Sansoni, 1971) p. 156. 4. 1744, §331. 5. Ibid. 6. Antonio Perez-Ramos, Francis Bacon's Idea of Science and the Maker's Knowledge Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). 7. De antiquissima italorum sapientia, II, 1. 1744, §331, 349, 376. Less controversial than his other writings on Vico but very useful is the article by James Morrison, 'Vico's Principle of Verum is Factum and the Problem of Historicism', Journal of the History of Ideas, 39, No.4 (1978) 579-595. Also R. Mondolfo, II 'verum-factum' prima di Vico (Naples: Guida, 1969). A. Child, Making and Knowing in Hobbes, Vico and Dewey University of California Publications in Philosophy, 16, No. 13 (1953). Fare e conoscere in Hobbes, Vico e Dewey, M. Donzelli, tr (Naples: Guida, 1970). K. LOwith, Vicos Grundsatz: verum et factum convertuntur (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1968). 8. T. Hobbes, De cive (Paris, 1642) [Bodleian - Seld 4 H.l4 Art] and Leviathan (London, 1651), [Bodleian - A.l 17 Art Seld] . Also Perez Zagorin's excellent atticle 'Vico's Theory of Knowledge: A Critique', The Philosophical Quarterly, 34, No. 134 (1984) 15-30, esp. 2-24. 9. Locke, An Essay Concerning Humane [sic] Understanding (London: Eliz. Holt for Thomas Basset, 1690). [Bodleian - LL 24 Art Seld]. Zagorin, pp. 20-24. 10. Zagorin, pp. 20-24. James Morrison, 'Vico's Principle of Verum is Factum and the Problem of Historicism', pp. 579-595. 11. Zagorin, pp. 20-24. 12. R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946, New York: Galaxy, 1956, 6th rpt.) pp. 63-66. Notes 151 13. My thanks to Perez Zagorin for encouraging me to be more explicit on this point. 3. Categories of Historical Knowledge 1. Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder (London: The Hogarth Press, 1976, rpt. London: Chatto & Windus, 1980) pp. 105-114. Hereafter as Berlin. 2. Ibid., p. 108. 3. Certum (certainty) was often identified with authority by Vico, but this was definitely not inductive knowledge (in the Baconian sense) as Vico himself wrongly identified it. Berlin, pp.