I. Summary and Numbers and Types of National Public Employees United States of America United Kingdom Germany France() Reference Japan General: Federal system and presidential system United Kingdom, parliamentary systemFederal system, parliamentary system (the Republic, administrative authority lies with the Parliamentary system Political Regime changes between two main political Regime changes between two main politicalPresident is symbolic President and Prime Minister. Regime changes systems parties parties Regime changes based on two main under a multi-party system political parties General: Political appointment has been broadly carried A merit-based system for hiring formallyBureaucracy developed under an absolute Bureaucracy under the Crown was dismantled by Public employees used to be Origin of out since foundation. In 1883, the Civil Service qualified people was established, in response tomonarchy has been inherited under the the French Revolution, and the professional civil “servants of the Emperor” and now c u r r e n t Act (Pendleton Act) was enacted and the the Northcote-Trevelyan report of 1854.democratic parliamentary system, which service system was established in the 19th century, are “servants of the whole p u b l i c professional public service system was aids civilian control. whose characteristic is human resource community” under the Constitution s e r v i c e established, which was based on merit and development by education institutions for of Japan. The National Public system political neutrality. bureaucrats. Service Act was enacted to establish a democratic public service system. N u m b e r s 2.64million persons（） as of Sep. 2005550,000persons （） as of Apr. 2005 300,000persons (as of Jan.2006) 1.99million persons (as of Dec. 2003) 365,000 persons and types of (the fixed number of personnel, n a t i o n a l Competitive Service 1.32million The Civil Service serves the Crown Civil Servants (Beamte) 130,000 Civil Service(Titulaires) 1.75million as of end of 2007) p u b l i c Appointed based on competitive Service and loyalty under public law Appointed to permanent government employees examination (Classification system is Involved in sovereignty, exercising public position National public employees in the applied) power, etc Civil Service (Non titulaires) and others regular service 365,000 Excepted Service 1.31million Employee in the public service 0.24 million National public employees subject Of this number, (Tarifbeschäftigte) 170,000 Employees on probation, assistant to the Remuneration Law 300,00 Postal Service 760,000 Employment contract under private law employees and temporary employees, etc Senior employees in executive branch 8,000 Employees of Specified of this number, Note: Education 1.07 million, Independent Administrative Employees with Executive Schedule Police and prison 0.12 million Institution 65,000 applied (EX) (Super director general to under secretary, and secretary) 500⇒ Political appointees Senior Executive Service employees (SES) 7,000 (Director to director general)⇒ 10% are political appointees Local gov. Of this number (Reference) National Public Employee in special 2.94m State Number of Teachers 1.45m CS 1.27m service 302,000 public Federal2.64 m Police 0.23m (Of this number, teachers 1.10m) Public hospital0.97 m employees Central gov. Employee:0.85 m Naional including 2.36m public non-national Employee National gov 1.99m public Municipalities in regular Teachers employees CS0.18 m service ()CS Total 3,665,000 (non- State5.07 m National Health Employee1.21 m 365,000 military Total Service 1.55m 1.10m Total personnel) 4.5m about21 m Local public Employees 2,998,000 Indirect Public Service CS CS0. 11m Local gov. 1.52 m County, city , etc . 13.28 m Employee0.55 m Civil Service Public Corporations Federal 0.34m CS 130,000 0.55m * National public employees in Employee 170,000 special service includes 272,000 personnel in the Defense Agency (Total population: 290 million) Employee Total:about5.6 m Total:about4.50 m (Total population: 60 million) (Total population: 80 million) (Total population: 60 million) (Total population: 128 million) Reference: Number of National Public Employees by Ministries United States of America United Kingdom Germany France President Department of State 33,948 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 4,430 Chancellor’s Office 642 Office of the Prime Minister DGAFP Department of the Treasury 107,950 Cabinet Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4,034 1,534 Department of Defense 671,364 Cabinet Secretariat 2,130 Ministry of the Interior 40,525 ENA Department of Justice 105,458 Central Office of Information 560 Ministry of Justice 2,302 President Cabinet Department of the Interior 75,973 Security and Intelligence Services 4,910 Ministry of Finance 38,631 Department of Agriculture 107,852 Ministry of Economy and Technology 5,054 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9,797 Executive Department of Commerce 39,836 Her Majesty’s Treasury 1,160 President Cabinet Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Ministry of Employment and Solidarity Office of Department of Labor 15,383 HM Customs and Excise 24,350 Consumer Protection 1,619 4,130 President Dep. of Health and Human Services Inland Revenue 85,540 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs 1,111 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 60,736 Office of Government Commerce 650 Ministry of Defense 28,186 32,485 1,693 Dep.of Housing and Urban Ministry of Health 908 Ministry of Culture and Communications Development 9,941 Department for Culture, Media and Sport 630 Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior 12,101 Department of Transportation 55,559 Cabinet Ministry of Defence 92,990 Citizens, Women and Youth 689 Ministry of Defende 43,446 Department of Energy 15,010 Department for Education and Skills 4,750 Ministry for Environment, Nature Ministry of Overseas France 1,532 Department of Education 4,321 Department for Environment, Food and Conservation and Nuclear Safety 1,271 Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry Department of Veterans Affairs235,210 Rural Affairs 9,950 Ministry of Economic Cooperation 183,427 Department of Homeland Security Foreign and Commonwealth Office 6,000 and Development 379 Ministry of National Education 1,012,059 146,670 Department of Health 3,600 Ministry of Transport, Building and Ministry of Equipment 97,771 Independent Agency and Home Office 75,650 Urban Affairs 7,904 Ministry of Interior 168,230 Public Corporatio 949,181 (Prison Service (agency) 47,160) Ministry of Education and Research 544 Ministry of Justice 68,594 Department for International Development 1,930 Others 2,126 Environmental Protection Agency Law Officers' Departments 8,390 17,824 Department for Constitutional Affairs 22,750 (as of 2006) General Services Administration (Land Registry and Public Record Office State Council 12,769 (agency) 9,140) Note: Personnel administrative organs; National Aeronautics and Space Department for Work and Pensions 129,460 Federal Ministry of the Interior and Federal Personnel Committee Aourt of Accounts Administration 18,752 Department of Trade and Industry 9,590 Office of Personnel Management Department for Transport 17,610 (as of December 2004) 4,939 Northern Ireland Office 170 Small Business Administration Scotland Office 12,800 Note: Personnel administrative organs; 4,343W ales Office 3,770 DGAFP Social Security AdministratioO thers 26,240 66,144 U.S. Postal Service 764,165 (as of April 1, 2005) Others 60,245 Note: Personnel administrative organs; (as of September 2005) Cabinet office and Civil Service Commissioners Note: Personnel administrative organs: Office of Personnel Management, Merit Systems Protection Board, Federal Labor Relations Authority and Office of Government Ethics II. Basic Labor Right of National Public Employee in Other Countries United States of America United Kingdom Germany France() Reference Japan Basic labor rights No provision regarding basic labor No explicitly described constitution. There is a provision to generally guarantee the There is a provision regarding a labor The right to organize, negotiating right in the constitution rights in the constitution. right to organize. union. and right to engage in labor disputes (employees in private sector) are provided in the Article 28 of the constitution. Common framework for public and private Civil servants Employee in the employees public service Granted. Granted. Granted. Granted. Granted. Right to organize However, not granted for military However, not granted for military However, not granted for military However, not granted for police, personnel, diplomats and FBI personnel. personnel. employees of the Self-Defense Forces, employees, etc. etc. Granted. Granted. Civil service union Granted. Granted. Granted. involvement is legally guaranteed in the Negotiating revision of civil right servants related laws. Basic labor However, no right to conclude No right to conclude However, no right to conclude agreements. However, no right to conclude rights of agreements regarding working agreements. agreements. n a t i o n a l conditions designated by law, such as public wages. employees Note: Employees of the Postal Service Note: Results of Note: If a protocol is prepared as a result of Note: The right to conclude agreements have the right to conclude Employee in the negotiation, it is customary to follow is granted for employees of agreements. p u b l i c s e r v i c e that protocol. government enterprises, Specified negotiation are Independent Administrative generally reflected on Institutions and Japan Post. civil servants matters as well.