NewResearchonConfucianChristianLiuNing duringearlyQingDynasty XIAO Qinghe (Professor,DepartmentofHistory,ShanghaiUniversity) Abstract :ResearchesoncommonChristiansintheearlyQingdynastyisrelativelyscarce．Thisessaytriedtouncoverand investigatethefamily,lives,writings,communicationsandthoughtofLiuNing,whowasaChristianandalsoaConfucian adeptinstudyingancientConfucianclassicsandChinesephilologyandphonologyintheearlyQing．Somenewhistorical materialsprovethatLiuwasbornin１６２０,notassomescholarssaidin１６２５;andhediednearlyin１７１５whenhewas９６ yearsold．HewasprobablybaptizedbyProsperIntorcetta (１６２５—１６９６)in NanfengCountyorbyothermissionaries beforeLiuwenttoChongyiCountytoholdthepositionofConfucianinstructorin１６８７．Thisessayalsodiscussessomeof LiuƳsthoughts,suchasRestoringConfucianismandReplacingBuddhismandsoon．Thelastpartpointsoutthechanges ofChristianityƳslegitimacyfromthelate Mingtotheearly Qingdynastiesandconcludessomemainreasonsforthese changes． KeyWords :LiuNing(family,lives,writings),RestoringConfucianismandReplacingBuddhism,Communications,Chinese PhilologyandPhonology,faith Author :XIAOQinghe,Ph．D．,DirectoroftheCenterfortheStudyofReligionandChineseSociety;Professor,Department ofHistory,ShanghaiUniversity．Qinghexiao＠gmail．com Introduction 杨光 ThenumberofCatholicsintheearlyQingdynastygrewrapidlyafterYangGuangxianƳs( 先 ,１５９７—１６６９)antiＧCatholicism movement(１６６４—１６６９)．BeforetheprohibitionofCatholicismby theKangxiEmperorasaresultoftheChineseRitesControversy,ChineseCatholicism hadinfact 〔１〕 enteredagoldenageinthehistoryofChristianityinChina． Unlikethelate MingDynasty,the socialandintellectualenvironmentoftheearlyQingDynastyhadundergonesignificantchanges．The thirdgenerationofbelieversalsodifferedfromthelateMingintheirbeliefsandideas．Forexample, 张 星 曜 ZhangXingyao ( ),a believerin Hangzhou,explicitly statedthat Catholicism could be 合 儒 补 儒 “complying with Confucianism”( ),“complementaryto Confucianism”( )and “superＧ 〔１〕 NicolasStandaert,HandbookofChristianityinChina:VolumeOne(６３５—１８００)．Leiden;Boston:Brill,２００１,pp．３８２Ｇ３８３． ９３ 国学与西学 国际学刊 第 期 年 月 ２０ ,２０２１ ６ 超儒 〔２〕 Confucianism”( )． InexplainingthelegitimacyofCatholicism,thirdＧgenerationbelieversalso adopteda different strategy from that ofthelate Ming Dynasty,with the “Restoration of Confucianism”asthemaincontent． 汤 Atpresent,manyresearchesfocusonthefamousmissionariessuchasAdamSchallvonBell( 若望 南 怀 仁 ,１５９１—１６６６)andFerdinand Verbiest ( ,１６２３—１６８８),aswellasimportanthistorical 〔３〕 eventssuchastheChineseRitesControversy． Therewerefewstudiesonthecommonbelievers 刘凝 andtheirlivesandthoughts．Inthispaper,wetaketheConfucianChristianLiuNing ( ,１６２０— １７１５?)asanexample,andexamineLiuNingƳsfamily,life,andreligiousthoughts,toexplorethefaith andthoughtofthethirdgenerationofConfucianChristiansinearlyQing．Thepreviousstudieson Liu Ning weremostlyonhiscontributiontothestudyofancientChinesecharactersandChinese phonetics．ThispaperwillfirstexamineLiuNingƳsfamily,life,andwritings,thenexamineLiuNingƳs 觉斯录 contactsandbaptism,andthenagainusethebookJueSiLu (AwakeningtheTruth,« »)and other worksastheobjectofanalysistoexaminethecharacteristicsofLiu NingƳsthoughtsand beliefs,andfinallytoanalyzethechangesofdefenseonCatholicsbytheseConfucianChristiansfrom 〔４〕 thelateMingtotheearlyQingdynasty． OnLiuNingƳsFamily,Lifeand Writings 南丰刘氏世谱 AccordingtotheGenealogyofLiusinNanfeng(« »)whichwasanappendixtothe 水 村 先 生 行 实 BiographyofMr．Shuicun (« »)writtenby Liu Ning,theancestoroftheLiusin 刘金 彭城 NanfengwasLiuJin ( ),anativeofPengcheng ( ),whowasappointedasthegovernorof 濠州 滁州 HaoZhou( )andChuZhou( )inTangDynasty．ThethirteenthgrandsonofLiuJinwasthe 刘壎 wellＧknownConfucianLiuXun( ,１２４０—１３１９)inthelateSongandearlyYuan．Hewasalsothe fourteenthancestorofLiuNing．AccordingtotheBiographyofMr．ShuiCun,LiuXun,withstyle 起潜 水村 nameofQiQian ( ),wasknownasShuiCun ( ): 〔２〕 NicolasStandaert,HandbookofChristianityin China,p．４３３;D．E．Mungello,TheForgotten Christiansof Hangzhou． Honolulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress,c１９９４,p．７０． 〔３〕 Currentresearchesonthesetopics,pleaserefertotheChineseTextDatabase,whichwasmanagedbyAdDudinkandNicolas Standaert,thewebsiteis:https://www．arts．kuleuven．be/sinologie/english/cct(citeddate:July１３,２０２０)． 黄开国 经学辞典 〔４〕 ThesedictionarieshaveintroducedLiuNingbriefly,suchasHuangKaiguo( )edited,Jingxuecidian (« »), 许嘉璐 传统语言学辞典 Chengdu:SichuanPeopleƳsPress,１９９３,pp．１３２,２１１,６３２;XuJialu ( )edited,Chuantongyuyanxuecidian (« »), 王 重 民 Shijiazhuang:HebeiEducationPress,１９９０,pp．２４６Ｇ２４７．WangZhongmin ( )wasthefirsttopointoutthatLiu Ning wasa 跋爱余堂本隐居通议 图书季 Catholic,seeWangZhongmin,“BaaiyutangbenYinjutongyi”(« »),originallypublishedinTushujikan(« 刊 中国善本书提要 »),June１９４５,newVolume６,No．１and２,collectedinWangZhongmin,Zhongguoshanbenshutiyao(« »),Shanghai: 周 一 良 ShanghaiRareBooksPress,１９８３,p．７．OtherresearchesonLiu Ning,seeZhouYiliang ( )edited,Zhongwaiwenhuajiaoliushi 中外文化交流史 郑 安 德 (« »),Zhengzhou:HenanPeopleƳsPress,１９８７,p．５５;Zheng Ande ( ),“Dousidezhongguo mingchen:mingmo 陡斯 的中国名称 明末基督 教 神 名 之 争 天 问 jidujiaoshenmingzhizheng”(«“ ” ——— »),inTianwen (« »)(VolumeofBingxu),Nanjing: JiangsuPeopleƳsPress,２００６,pp．２４Ｇ２６;Adrian Dudink,“TheRediscoveryofaSeventeenthＧcenturyCollectionofChineseChristian Texts:TheManuscriptTianxueJijie”,inSinoＧWesternCulturalRelationJournal,XV (１９９３),pp．１Ｇ２６;NicolasStandaert．Handbookof ChristianityinChina:VolumeOne(６３５—１８００),p．４３５;KnudLundbæk,JosephdePrémare,１６６６—１７３６,S．J．:Chinesephilologyand 李 真 刘 凝 与 觉 斯 录 figurism．AarhusC,Denmark:Aarhus University Press,１９９１;LiZhen ( ),“Liu NingandJuesilu”(« »),in 国际汉学 InternationalSinology(« »),Volume１７,Zhengzhou:Daxiangchubanshe,２００９,pp．１８４Ｇ１９５;PingＧyiChu,“Liu NingandLiu 刘凝与刘熏 考证学与天学关系新探 Xun:TheRelationshipbetweenLearningfrom HeavenandEvidentialStudies”(« : »),inXinshixue 新史学 (« »),２３ (２０１２):５７Ｇ１０４． ９４ XIAO Qinghe:New ResearchonConfucianChristianLiuNingduringearlyQingDynasty (He)wasveryfilialtohismotherandalwaysgladtodorighteousdeeds．Hewas verygeneroustohisfriendsandsympathizedwiththepoor．Healwaystriedhisbestto saveothersfromdistressanddifficultieswithnocareofthecost．Hewascontentwith hisstatesinpoorandwasnotmovedbythebenefitsandofficialpositions．Hestudied theclassicscripturesandancienthistory,collectedhundredsofbooks,andwrotepapers likeagushingspring．HewasthirtyＧsevenyearsoldandtheSongDynastyhadfallen, whenmanyliteratisacrificedforthecountry．He worriedaboutthattheirdeedsand nameswould disappearin history．Thus,hecompiledthe Book The Poemsof Ten 补 史 十 忠 诗 LoyalistswithComplementaryHistory(« »)．Hewaswellfamiliarwiththe society,customs,militarystrategyandgeographyand wasvaluedbythegreatdukes fromthenorth．AtfiftyＧfiveyearsold,hewasrecommendedbytheofficialstoholdthe position of instructor of the province．He enlightened the students and made constitutionsandregulations．Healsokeenonreveringtheformersaintsandhonoring 曾 巩 theirloyalties．ThesacrificeinthetombofZengGung ( )withposthumousname WenDing)waslongtimeabolished．Onthedayofceremonyofopeningofschools,he performedtheritualswithstudentsasbeforethroughdayandnight．Afterseventyyears old,hewasrecommendedbyDukeofZangtotheimperialcourtandwaspromotedto holdthepositionofprofessorofYanPing．Afterheretired,hetaughtotherstudents 经说讲义 privatelyforthreeyears．ƺƺ WhathewroteincludedJingshuojiangyi(« »), 水 云 村 泯 稿 吟 稿 哀 鉴 思 华 Shuiyuncunmingao (« »),Yinggao (« »),Aijiansihualu (« 录 隐 居 通 义 中 华 黼 藻 集 »),Yinjutongyi (« »),Zhonghuafuzaoji (« »),Xuandingguji 选定古今诗文 shiwen (« »)．ƺƺ Hediedattheageofeighty．Thelocalgentlemenand 文 定 hisdisciplesproposedhisposthumousnameas Wen Ding ( )and wasburiedin 蔡家坑 仙人石 〔５〕 Caijiakeng( )ofXianrenshi( )． LiuXunƳswritingssuchasYinjuntongyi,Shuiyuncungao,BushishizhongshiwerewellＧknown 四库 totheworldbecausetheywerecollectedbySikuquanshu(CompleteLibraryinFourSections,« 全书 〔６〕 陆九渊 »)． LiuXunwasamajorrepresentativeoftheschoolofthelearningofLuJiuyuan( ) intheearlyYuanDynasty．TheeditorsofSikuguanshusaidthatLiuXunbelievedinLuJiuyuanas theorthodoxoftheConfucianismandstartedthediscussiononthe“DefinitiveConclusionofZhuXi” 朱子晚年定 论 王 阳 明 ( )inhislaterlifewhich Wang Yangming ( )arguedindetailsinlate Ming 〔７〕 dynasty． 刘烜 启耀 LiuNingƳsgrandfather,LiuXuan ( ),withastylenameofQiyao( ),andapseudonym 文台 ofWentai( ),wasatributestudentinthetwentyＧthirdyearsofWanliEmperorreign,andheld 水村先生传 水村先生行实 〔５〕 LiuNing,Shuicunxianshengzhuan (« »),appendixtoShuicunxianshengxingshi(« »),printedin 南丰县志 Qingdynasty,collectedinShanghaiLibrary,pp．１６aＧ１７b．Zhengguoedited,(Kangxi)NanfengXianzhi(« »),volume７,printed in１６８５,collectedinShanghaiLibrary,pp．２６aＧ２７b． 〔６〕 LiuXun,Yinjutongyi,collectedinSikuquanshu,Book８６６,Taipei:CommercialPress,１９８５;Liu Xun,Shuiyuncungao, collectedinSikuquanshu,Book１１９５;LiuXun,Zhongyiji,collectedinSikuquanshu,Book１３６６． 徐远和 理学与元代社会 〔７〕 ResearchonLiuXunƳsthought,seeXuYuanhe( ),Lixueyuyuandaishehui(« »),Beijing:PeopleƳs Press,１９９２,pp．２１５Ｇ２３１． ９５ 国学与西学 国际学刊 第 期 年 月 ２０ ,２０２１ ６ 训导 吉安 thepositionofinstructor( )inJiƳan( )county,JiangxiProvince,andthenheldtheposition 教谕 闽清 〔８〕 ofteacher( )in Minqing ( )CountyFujianProvince． Liu NingƳsfather,LiuGuanhuan 刘冠寰 尚之 ( ),wasthethirdsonofLiuXuan,withastylenameofShangzhi( ),andapseudonymof 恕庵 〔９〕 ShuƳan ( )andwasaselectedtributestudentinthesecondyearofTianqiEmperorreign． Liu 刘斯嵋 〔１０〕 NingƳsdescendant,LiuSimei( ), the２０thgrandsonofLiuXun,proofreadandengravedthe 恕庵先生传 Shuiyuncunmingao,withthefollowingBiographyofMr．ShuƳan (« »)． LiuGuanhuan,withastylenameofShangzhiandapseudonym ofShuƳan,wasanativeof Nanfeng．Hehadahigh moralcharacterandadmiredformersaints．He wasparticularlyfondof talkingabouttheaffairsoftheworld,andwasagoodteacherandfriend．Hewasmodestandeagerto learn．Zhu Guang who wasacivilianin SuiƳan wasknownforhislearningonthestudyofLi (reason)．FanDounan,anativeofNanfengwasknownforhisstrategy．Bothloweredthemselvesto