SCHOOL OF MISSION AND THEOLOGY IN STAVANGER “WHAT WENT WRONG WITH THE PEOPLES TEMPLE?” A closer look at Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple MASTER THESIS Master of Global Studies By LARS EDVART LARSEN STAVANGER MAY 2010 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….4 1.1 Why did I choose to study this subject? …………………………………………………...4 2 Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………...6 2.1 Textual Studies …………………………………………………………………………….6 2.2 What Kind of Sources? ……………………………………………………………………7 2.3 Ethical Considerations …………………………………………………………………….8 2.4 Distancing and perceptions ………………………………………………………………..9 2.5 Translating Meaning When Relating to the NRM ………………………………………...9 3 Jim Jones and the Founding of the Temple ………………………………………………...12 3.1 Timeline for the Peoples Temple ………………………………………………………...12 3.2 James Warren Jones and his Family Background ………………………………………..13 3.3 Jones and his Impact on the Temple ……………………………………………………..15 3.3.1 Father Divine as the Inspiration for Jim Jones …………………………………………16 3.4 Jim Jones Clinging to his leadership-role ………………………………………………..16 4 Members ……………………………………………………………………………………18 4.1 Who Joined ….…………………………………………………………………………...18 4.1.2 Other members and the Interpersonal Relations in the Temple ………………………..23 4.1.3 Everybody was to be treated equally …..………………………………………………24 4.2 Society had failed them ………………...………………………………………………...25 4.2.1 Returning to the United States was not an option ……...………………………………26 5 P.T. in a politico-religious context ………....………………………………………………28 5.1 Peoples Temple as a Political Religion ……………………………………….………….30 5.2 The Responsibility of the churches ………………………………………………………31 5.3 A Millennium Movement? ……………………………………………………………….32 5.4 Models of cult innovation ……...………………………………………………………...33 5.4.1 Methods for isolation …………………………………………………………………..35 5.5 Jones impatient towards dissenting opinions...…………………………………………...36 5.5.1 The Illusion of Authority …………………………………………………...………….37 5.6 Peoples Temple as a Cult ………………………………………………..……………….38 5.6.1 Jim Jones as the “Provider” for his Members ………………………………….………40 5.6.2 The Focus directed at one person ……………………………………………………....41 5.6.3 Jim Jones as “Father” ………………...………………………………………………...42 2 5.7 Coercive Persuasion ……………………………………………………..……………….44 5.8 Humanitarian and political engagements ………………………………………………...45 5.8.1 Humanitarian Work ….…………………………………………………………………45 5.8.2 “If you are Hungry, you Need to Eat” ……………………………………………..…...46 5.8.3 Political commitment …………………………………………………………………..47 5.8.4 The Paradox of Their Lack of Power ……………………………...…………………...48 5.8.5 The reactions from Contemporaries ……………………………………………………49 6 Was Peoples Temple Christian? …………………………………………………………...51 6.1 Defining the term “Christian” ……………………………….…………………………...51 6.2 The uniqueness of African-American majority in the Temple ……………………..……54 6.3 Black Religion ……………………………………………………………………………58 6.3.1 Call and response ……………………………………………………………………....58 6.3.2 African Traditions within the Temple ………………………….………………………59 6.3.3 Weak-minded? ................................................................................................................61 7 Why did they commit suicide? ………………………………………………………..…...63 7.1 Under siege ………………………………………………………...…………………….63 7.2 Defectors and concerned relatives ……………………………………………………….64 7.3 Quarrels within the Temple ………………………………………………………………65 7.3.1 White Nights Prior to November 18 1978 …………………………………….……….66 7.4 Arguments with US Authorities ………………………………………………………….67 7.4.1 Media involvement …………………………………………………………………….68 7.5 Mass suicide or mass murder? ………………………………………...…………………70 8 Discussion ……………………………………………………..………………..………….72 8.1 Social Action ……………………………………………………………………………..72 8.2 The Religious Human ………………………………………...………………………….73 8.2.1 What did the Temple have to offer them? …………………………………………..….75 8.3 What went wrong? ……………………………………………………………………….75 8.4 And what could be done to avoid such tragedies in the future? ………………………….76 9 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….…………………...77 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………….79 Articles ……………………………………………………………………………………….80 3 1 Introduction There is a refrain commonly sung during black worship services: “Surely the presence of the Lord is in this place.” I never hear this refrain but what I remember is the feeling of being in a holy place1 1.1 Why did I choose to study this subject? Cults and new religious movements have always been some kind of leisure activity for me, in the sense that I have taken interest in how they work, the personalities involved in both leadership and “down on the floor”, which means the whole spectrum of people that are in the machinery. Peoples Temple was a new religious movement that from the moment I heard about it, seemed very interesting and caught my curiosity a great deal. The idea that a group of people would commit some sort of collective suicide sounded to me almost unreal. I wanted to know some more about how this could come to pass, so my search for an answer started on the internet where I found many web-pages made by survivors, relatives and others who are just interested in this subject, like I am. Jim Jones may have been doing many good deeds within the American community, but as Charles A. Krause writes: Whatever his messianic appeal, whatever his high-minded idealism, whatever his good works and his effort to build God’s kingdom on earth, he will be remembered now as an insane and tragic man. He saw himself as an incarnation of Christ and Lenin. In death, he more resembles Lucifer.2 Upon discovering this cult, I did not pay much interest to how it was founded, but the kind of destruction it had faced in its end. 918 people had to pay with their lives when this organization committed a “self-destruct” due to one single leader who apparently had problems on the personal level. It is to many an enigma that they were able to go this far simply because one man ordered them to do so. Mockery and stigmatizing have been the reaction of some people who think that the ones who ended up in this cult were either “dumb” or in some other way not normal functioning souls. The critics who say this, are in the belief that nobody in their right mind would join these kinds of organizations, and to some extent they feel a kind of superiority towards the “fools” in Jonestown. My interest in this particular matter was to show that the victims in this tragedy were not in general to be considered weak- 1 Sawyer 2004; 189 2 Krause 1978; 2 4 minded or less intelligent, but that there were instead a whole lot of factors that made them step into the sphere of influence from James Warren (Jim) Jones. The fact that the Peoples Temple (PT), at least from an outside perspective, claimed to be a Christian church or denomination is also something that is a matter of controversy, since some people who have not looked into the details of this “congregation” use this as an example of the crimes committed in the name of Jesus and Christianity. In the beginning, before reading the material especially from the black religious community and how they regarded Peoples Temple, it was quite easy for me to say that the Temple was not a Christian denomination or organization. However, that might not be quite right, and I have learned from my reading that I need to make a distinction between “Father” Jones and his followers. This is both in the regard of treating the persons involved as human beings, and the fact that they were not a homogenous mass, and that many of them have indeed stated their Christian faith, like Leslie Wagner-Wilson who writes “My faith was still strong and no matter what Jim said about him being God, I knew I had God in me also.”3 Jim Jones on the other hand, is quite another story, and it is difficult to place him within the sphere of Christian faith. He would use all kinds of reasonings in his sermons, from socialist philosophies to UFOs and extraterrestrial beings. Especially the fact that he was drawn to the idea of reincarnation and the cult of UFOs makes him difficult to define as anything other than a syncretist at best, and a swindler at worst. I have heard the claim that the Christian faith could be held responsible for taking the lives of the members of the Peoples Temple and Congressman Leo Ryan along with the journalists and concerned relatives who travelled along with him to Jonestown. There are many places where you can put the blame for this tragedy, and it is not quite right to hold the Christian religion solely responsible for this cult that ended in the mass murders/suicides that fateful Saturday in 1978. 3 Wagner-Wilson 2008; 1. 5 2 Methodology 2.1 Textual Studies All in all, this study is a textual one, and that will have influence on what methodological considerations I do in respect to my research. In general, my challenge has been that I have been reading several different books focusing on the problem addressed in this thesis. This leads to the advantage that my material is available in the now, and I can easily go back in the books, the library, the internet, etc. and find the information that I have been given by my sources. There is no use in a recording device or having to deal with informants, and therefore my collecting of information is not bound by time and space other than what is used to find the texts. However, there is the challenge that the authors write the books out of their own preferences, personalities and personal agendas.4 In my research, I have to consider where the author is coming from, and from what perspective