Identification, systematics and phylogeny of the genera in the family Aphelenchoididae (Nematoda: Tylenchomorpha) Yiwu Fang Promoters: Prof. Hongmei LI and Prof. Wim BERT Academic year 2017-2018 Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science, Biology Examination Committee Prof. Hongmei Li Promotor, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China Prof. Wim Bert Promotor, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Wilfrida Decraemer Secretary, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Jingwu Zheng Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Dr. Jianfeng Gu Technical Centre, Ningbo Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Ningbo, China Table of contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... i Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. vii 摘 要 .......................................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter I: General Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Classification ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Ecology and plant-parasitism of Aphelenchoididae ................................................................................ 5 General morphology ................................................................................................................................ 8 BODY HABITUS ........................................................................................................................... 8 HEAD REGION ............................................................................................................................ 10 CUTICLE AND LATERAL REGION .......................................................................................... 10 STYLET ........................................................................................................................................ 11 PHARYNX.................................................................................................................................... 12 MALE COPULATORY SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 15 TAIL .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Molecular identification and phylogeny of Aphelenchoididae ............................................................. 18 OBEJECTIVES AND THESIS OUTLINE ........................................................................................... 22 Chapter II: Description of Aphelenchoides stellatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from Japan ...................................................................................................................... 25 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 27 CULTURING OF NEMATODE AND MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ......................... 27 MOLECULAR STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 27 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 28 MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 28 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 28 TYPE HABITAT AND LOCALITY ............................................................................................. 33 TYPE MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................ 33 MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND PHYLOGENY ................................................... 35 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter III: Description of Aphelenchoides rotundicaudatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from South Korea ............................................................................................ 39 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 40 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 41 CULTURING OF NEMATODE AND MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ......................... 41 MOLECULAR STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 41 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 42 MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 42 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 42 TYPE HABITAT AND LOCALITY ............................................................................................. 47 TYPE MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................ 47 DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS ......................................................................................... 47 MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND PHYLOGENY ................................................... 48 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 52 Chapter IV: Description of Sheraphelenchus parabrevigulonis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in pine wood packaging from Italy and redescription of S. sucus in onion bulbs from South Korea, isolated at Ningbo, China ............................................................................................................................ 55 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 56 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 57 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 57 CULTURING OF NEMATODE AND MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ......................... 57 MOLECULAR STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 57 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Sheraphelenchus parabrevigulonis n. sp. ...................................................................................... 58 MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 58 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 58 TYPE HABITAT AND LOCALITY ............................................................................................. 64 TYPE MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................ 64 DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS ......................................................................................... 64 S. sucus Kanzaki & Tanaka, 2013 ................................................................................................. 65 MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 65 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 65 VOUCHER MATERIAL .............................................................................................................. 70 DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................................................