1/17/2020 Boone County Section Corners And a History of Hoosier Ground Presented by James S. Swift, PS in cooperation with the Boone County Surveyor’s Office ISPLS Annual Convention January 24, 2020 Fort Wayne, Indiana 1 2 3 1 1/17/2020 4 5 6 2 1/17/2020 7 8 9 3 1/17/2020 10 11 12 4 1/17/2020 13 14 15 5 1/17/2020 16 17 18 6 1/17/2020 19 20 Source: Google Earth 21 7 1/17/2020 Source: slideshare.net 22 Source: Wikipedia Commons 23 Source: Las Vegas-Clark County Library District 24 8 1/17/2020 25 Source: ebay.com – Belt buckle for sale on site. 26 27 9 1/17/2020 Source: wikipedia commons 28 29 Source: Wikipedia commons 30 10 1/17/2020 Source: Google Earth 31 32 33 11 1/17/2020 FRENCH MAP 1650 Sanson Source:Library of Congress 34 35 36 12 1/17/2020 FRENCH EXPLORATION 1534-1603 1603-1673 1673-1741 37 LA NOUVELLE FRANCE • 1663 France makes its North American land an official province • Natural Resources • Spiritual succor for the natives • Jesuits, Sulpatians, Franciscan Recollets • Single men working in service of King • General cooperation with natives • Learn native languages, intermarry • Voyageurs, Coureurs de Bois 38 Champlain and Nicolet Early 1600s 39 13 1/17/2020 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 40 41 Joliet and Marquette 1673 42 14 1/17/2020 EXPLORATION 1673 Joliet and Marquette 43 Source: Wikipedia commons 44 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle Born 1643 in Rouen, France Son of fine family Not noble, but landed Apprenticed to, but left, the Jesuits as young man Lost estate Sailed for New France in 1666 Who knows his story? Source: Wikipedia commons 45 15 1/17/2020 ROUEN 1643 46 1666 Lasalle to North America 47 48 16 1/17/2020 49 MONTREAL 50 Lachine and Lasalle 51 17 1/17/2020 1669 Lasalle Exploration of the Ohio River 52 1673 Wood fort at Frontenac 53 1674 Audience with King Louis XIV 1675 Patent for nobility and stone fort at Frontenac 54 18 1/17/2020 1675-1677 Build stone fort at Frontenac 55 1678 Patent to explore the Mississippi Build forts Claim the area for France 56 Henri de Tonty Born 1649 or 1650 in Italy Joined French Army in 1668 Sponsored by Abbe Renandaut to Prince de Conti Joined Lasalle on July 12, 1678 at La Rochelle “Main de fer” Steel hand Source: Wikipedia Commons 57 19 1/17/2020 Late summer 1678 Lasalle and Tonty 58 1669 The Plan 59 Late 1678 - to Niagara 60 20 1/17/2020 February 1678 – Lasalle to Frontenac across ice 61 1679 – late summer and fall – aboard the Griffin 62 Late 1679 to Spring 1680 63 21 1/17/2020 Spring 1680 Lasalle on foot to Frontenac then on to Montreal Father Hennepin to the Mississippi and beyond 64 1669 Source: Wikipedia Commons 65 Summer 1680 66 22 1/17/2020 67 1680-81 Fall to Spring Tonty to Michillimackinac 68 Fall 1680 Lasalle to the Mississippi 69 23 1/17/2020 Winter 1680-81 Lasalle at Fort Miami 70 Spring 1681 Lasalle to Michillimackinac 71 Summer 1681 Lasalle & Tonty 1000 Miles by Canoe 72 24 1/17/2020 Fall 1681 A new expedition Back to Michillimackinac 73 Late 1681 To Fort Miami then across to Chicago 74 January 1682 To the Mississippi Open water at Peoria 75 25 1/17/2020 Spring 1682 Down the Mississippi 76 April 29, 1682 Claim Louisiana for France 77 Spring 1681 Lasalle to Michillimackinac 78 26 1/17/2020 79 Summer 1682 Back to Fort Miami 80 81 27 1/17/2020 1682-1683 Build Fort St. Louis Assemble natives around fort 82 Colonie du Sr. de La Salle 1683-1684 From map by Franquelin Fort Saint Louis at The Rock near Ottawa, Illinois Source: Library of Congress 83 4600 Native Americans 1200 Illinois 1300 Miami 500 Oiatenon Source: Francis Parkman, Lasalle and the Discovery of the Great West 84 28 1/17/2020 Fall 1683 to Spring 1684 Lasalle to Quebec and beyond 85 Franquelin 1684 Source: ofLibrary Source: Congress 86 87 29 1/17/2020 88 Summer 1684 Audience with Louis XIV Asks for 1 ship and 200 people Gets 4 ships and 400 people Authorized to build a Colony on south coast of America Agrees to gather natives into Army and fight the Spanish 89 Fall 1684 Sail for the mouth of the Mississippi 90 30 1/17/2020 January 1685 Search for the Mississippi 91 Spring to Summer 1685 Build Fort St. Louis (Texas) 92 1685 Fort Saint Louis North and South 93 31 1/17/2020 Fall 1685 to Spring 1687 Three attempts to find Mississippi 94 And the rest of the story… 95 96 32 1/17/2020 97 98 99 33 1/17/2020 100 Source: Wikipedia commons 101 102 34 1/17/2020 103 Source: commons Wikipedia Source: 104 105 35 1/17/2020 Source: Wikipedia commons 106 Source: Wikipedia commons 107 108 36 1/17/2020 109 European Claims in North America, mid 1700s Source wikipedia commons 110 French Forts, mid 1700s Fort Miami (Ft. Wayne) 1715, Ouiatenon 1717, Vincennes 1732 Source: Maps ETC, USF 111 37 1/17/2020 The French and Indians were generally sympathetic. French forts acted as trade centers for Indians. French explorers and priests learned the Indian languages. Some French fur traders intermarried with the Indians. 112 Generally, unlike the British, who came with their families to settle and farm the land, the French fur traders were single men who were here working, ultimately in service of the King. The French trade was primarily in beaver skins. Most of the French were trappers, not farmers. It was in their interest to keep the forests whole and intact. Hence, the Indians did not perceive a fundamental threat from the French trappers. 113 In the 1750s much of Europe became embroiled in a grand conflict known as the Seven Years War. The North American theater of this war is commonly referred to as The French and Indian War. France and Britain were on opposite sides in this conflict. The war was not particularly about North America but was fought here, in part. The results of the war had huge implications for future European descendants in North America. 114 38 1/17/2020 Source: slideshare.net 115 Great Britain and her allies win. France cedes most of its North American territory to Britain. The end of Nouvelle France (New France). France keeps the lucrative sugar trade in the West Indies but gives up the North American fur trade. The war nearly bankrupts the British Government. Great Britain begins to levy heavy taxes on the Colonies to help pay for the war. 116 Britain follows a development strategy of promoting the growth of coastal cities in the American Colonies for the purpose of a fostering a strong market of export goods from English factories. Britain perceives the newly gained territories west of the Appalachians as an opportunity to foster trade with the Indians and is not interested in promoting settlement by the colonials in this area. By the Proclamation of 1763 Britain reserves the territory west of the Appalachians for the Natives. 117 39 1/17/2020 Source wikipedia commons 118 119 The French and Indian War, as we called it, saw the rise of a Colonial, we-are-one, can-do spirit. George Washington rose to prominence as a military leader. Colonials were resistant to the increased tax burden. Colonials, desirous of land, were outraged at the Proclamation Line of 1763, reserving the west for the natives. 120 40 1/17/2020 The 1763 Proclamation Line did not hold and colonists continued to flood west. Nonetheless…. The stage was set for the American Revolution! 121 122 123 41 1/17/2020 124 But what about that business with George Rogers Clark in the west? 125 Epic march through flooded ground to take Vincennes (Ft. Sackville). Major disruption to British operations in the west. Many historians believe that the trouble caused by G.R. Clark in the west caused the British to cede the “Northwest Territory” in the Treaty of Paris. 126 42 1/17/2020 If not for George Rogers Clark and his incredibly tough soldiers, the Northwest Territory might have ended up being part of Canada. 127 Source wikipedia commons 128 129 43 1/17/2020 130 131 132 44 1/17/2020 133 Image courtesty of rvtowster.com 134 135 45 1/17/2020 Proposed 1784, passed 1787, modified 1789. Defines the Northwest Territory. Establishes mechanism for admission of new states, rather than expansion of existing states. Prohibits slavery within N.W. Territory, functionally establishing the Ohio River as the northern boundary of slave holding areas. Promotes education and natural rights. States that the property of Indians may not be taken away from them without their consent. 136 Source: The Land Office Business, Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Oxford University Press, 1968 137 138 46 1/17/2020 139 140 141 47 1/17/2020 Led by Thomas Jefferson, an orderly system of survey and settlement was proposed resulting in the Ordinance of 1785 142 Six mile square tracts called Townships Subdivided into 36 square mile Sections (640 acres) Each section may be further subdivided in to 160 acre quarter sections or 80 acre half-quarter sections. In Indiana parcels were generally auctioned as 160 acre quarters or 80 acre half-quarters. Further subdivision by private land owners is common. Every hear of the “back 40?” (That would be a quarter-quarter section.) 143 Sections in a township 144 48 1/17/2020 Original federal corners 145 Single and double corners (Indiana) 146 Ohio early efforts at PLSS 147 49 1/17/2020 Indiana early survey of vast area 148 149 However…… Prior to survey, the U.S.