Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía - Medellín ISSN: 0304-2847 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia Ávila Méndez, Kelly; Romero, Hernán Mauricio Plant responses to pathogen attack: molecular basis of qualitative resistance Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía - Medellín, vol. 70, núm. 2, 2017, pp. 8225-8235 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=179951188011 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Review article http://wwwrevistasunaleduco/indexphp/refame Plant responses to pathogen attack: molecular basis of qualitative resistance Respuestas de las plantas al ataque de patógenos: bases moleculares de la resistencia cualitativa doi: 10.15446/rfna.v70n2.64526 Kelly Ávila Méndez 1 and Hernán Mauricio Romero 2* ABSTRACT Keywords: Pathogens attack plants to assimilate nutrients from them. All plant species have succeeded Host resistance in overcoming pathogenic attack; therefore disease condition is not the rule but the exception. A Non-host resistance co-evolutionary battle has equipped plants with sophisticated defense mechanisms and cognate Zig-zag model pathogens with a corresponding arsenal of counter strategies to overcome them. Traditionally, plant- PTI pathogen interaction has been associated with molecules involved in recognition processes giving ETI rise to models such as the "zig-zag Model". However, this model is being re-evaluated because it ETS is not consistent with the complexity of the interaction. Current models propose a holistic view of a process where the response is not always determined by the interaction of two molecules. This review discusses the main aspects related to qualitative responses in the plant-pathogen interaction and the new proposed models. RESUMEN Palabras claves: Los patógenos atacan las plantas en un intento de asimilar los nutrientes de éstas. Todas las Resistencia hospedero especies de plantas han tenido éxito para superar el ataque de patógenos, tanto que la condición Resistencia no de enfermedad no es la norma sino la excepción. Una batalla co-evolutiva ha dotado a las plantas hospedero con mecanismos de defensa sosticados y a los patógenos anes con un arsenal correspondiente Modelo zig-zag para superar dichas respuestas de defensa. Tradicionalmente, la interacción planta-patógeno se ha PTI asociado a las moléculas que están involucradas en los procesos de reconocimiento, permitiendo el ETI desarrollo de modelos que explican esta interacción, como el “Modelo zig-zag”. Sin embargo, éste ETS modelo está siendo revaluado debido a que no es consistente con la complejidad de la interacción. Los modelos actuales proponen una visión holística de un proceso en el que no siempre la respuesta va estar determinada por la interacción de dos moléculas. Esta revisión discute los principales aspectos relacionados con la respuesta cualitativa en la interacción planta-patógeno y los nuevos modelos biológicos propuestos. 1 Corporacion Centro de Investigaciones de Palma de Aceite, Cenipalma. AA 252171, Bogotá, Colombia. 2 Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. AA 055051, Bogotá, Colombia * Corresponding author <[email protected]> Received: April 19, 2016 ; Accepted: March 21, 2017 Rev.Fac.Nac.Agron. 70(2): 8225-8235 . 2017 ISSN 0304-2847 / e-ISSN 2248-7026 vila K omero H 8226 lant diseases are a constant threat to agricultural poor quality of products, and higher costs for the end production and thus to food security generating consumer (Godfray et al. , 2010; Ronald, 2011; Fu and economic losses around the w orld. Pathogens Dong, 2013; Lapin and Van den Ackerveken, 2013; Li Pthat cause disease in plants include viruses, fungi, et al. , 2013). oomycetes, protozoa and nematodes (Pais et al. , 2013; Bigeard et al. , 2015). Traditionally the insects are excluded Due to the population growth estimated to reach 9 billion from this list; Agrios (2005), did not include them, but, by 2050, the demand for food is high and so it is necessary actually the insects have been incorporated in the list of to develop new varieties able to produce under limiting pathogens because there are evidences that the damage conditions such as high temperatures, water decit, salinity caused by insects could trigger a defense response similar and biotic stresses (Ronald, 2011; Mba et al ., 2012). to the one produced by common pathogens (Bever et al., 2015; Conrath et al., 2015; Stuart, 2015). Climate change will have a direct impact on the incidence of pests and diseases of crops -affecting between 12% Global food security involves: food availability (production), and 13% of crop yields. Bebber and Gurr (2015), suggest access to food, and its utilization (for example nutritional that it is necessary to build a general framework for aspects). At the same time, food security, presents a major understanding the dynamics of plant communities at the imbalance in terms of growth and demand for food and large-scale, in order to generate predictions of change in world population. Thus, crop protection in terms of control plant communities over time. Such a framework would need of pests and diseases is a feasible strategy to reach the to incorporate the environmental dependence of plant– goals for food security (Savary et al ., 2012, Mattews et pathogen interactions and plant–pathogen coevolution. al ., 2013; Poppy et al ., 2014). These two features are particularly important in the face of climate change. The traditional approach to control and respond to plant diseases has involved the use of pesticides, which, apart For example, in Colombia, in crops such as coffee, the from the cost to the environment and human health, is increasing drought periods have been responsible for not always able to reduce the incidence of the disease. outbreaks in pests like the berry borer (Mba et al ., 2012). Therefore, even with the application of pesticides, crop The following table shows some important diseases in losses continue to occur, causing high production costs, different crops in Latin America to 2013. Table 1. Principal diseases that affect important crops in Latin America. Organisms Scientic name/ Name of the disease Affected crop Fungus Hemileia vastatrix /Coffee leaf rust Coffee* Phakopsora pachyrhizi / Rust Soybean Mycosphaerella jiensis / Sigatoka negra Banana* Moniliophthora roreri / Frosty pod rot Cacao* Oomycetes Phytophthora palmivora /Bud rot Oil Palm* Phytophthora ramorum/ Sudden Oak death Oak Bacteria Burkholderia glumae/Panicle blight Rice* Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Citrics /Yellow Shoot or HLB Virus Barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses (BYDV) Wheat Banana bunchy topo nanovirus (BBTV) Banana Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus (TYLCV) Tomato *Diseases present in Colombia Rev.Fac.Nac.Agron. 70(2): 8225-8235. 2017 Plant responses to pathogen attack: molecular basis of qualitative resistance Latin America is a highly diverse region in its ecosystems way communication processes in which not only the plant and the future of the biodiversity, and its associated is able to recognize a foreign organism and defend itself ecological services depend on the ability to nd a balance from it, but the pathogen must also be able to manipulate between conservation and development goals (Balvanera the biology of the plant to create an optimal environment et al ., 2012; Mujica and Kroschel, 2013; Lee et al ., 2014; for its own growth and development avoiding the plant Bebber and Gurr, 2015). In the case of Colombia, 37.3% of response (Pritchard and Birch, 2011; Smale, 2012; Boyd its area has an agricultural use, however, under a climate et al. , 2013; Kushalappa et al. , 2016). change scenario new diseases and pests would emerge and it is necessary to nd alternative strategies for crop Plants, unlike animals, lack a dened immune system. health management. They rely on the innate immunity of each cell and the systemic signals occurring at infection sites (Schulze- Genetic breeding is an old agricultural activity; humankind Lefert and Panstruga, 2011; Bonardi et al. , 2012; Lapin has domesticated plants and animals to increase yields and Van den Ackerveken, 2013). However, with the and productivity. The main target for breeding has been the particular characteristics of the plant defense system, increase in production, and to achieve it, the effective control the molecular mechanisms used by these organisms of pests and diseases its mandatory. Conventional breeding are similar to animals (Zipfel, 2014; Chiang and Coaker, takes a long time to obtain an improved variety, however, 2015; Keller et al., 2016). techniques as induced mutagenesis or transgenesis have had a big impact on the production of crops, by speeding up Plant pathogens, in general, are divided into biotrophic and the breeding process, and the production of new varieties necrotrophic pathogens, although there is a third group, through these non-conventional methods. Unfortunately, called hemibiotrophic (Spoel and Dong, 2012; Okmen technical, economical and society problems are imposing and Doehlemann, 2014). The difference between these new challenges for the use of these biotechnological tools groups lies in their lifestyle. Biotrophic pathogens obtain for producing the new varieties. their nutrients from living host