Documentary records of coastal storms in Scotland 1500-1991 A.D. Volume 2 Hickey, Kieran Richard Author’s copy deposited in CURVE March 2013 Original citation: Hickey, K.R. (1997) Documentary records of coastal storms in Scotland 1500-1991 A.D. Volume 1. Unpublished Thesis. Coventry, UK:Coventry University. Publisher statement: Coventry University Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. CURVE is the Institutional Repository for Coventry University http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open 3IllIniaiin"BRifidi 8001 00368 9969 DOCUMENTARY RECORDS OF COASTAL STORMS IN SCOTLAND, 1500-1991 A. D. VOLUME 2 KIERAN RICHARD HICKEY Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the University's requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy COVENTRY UNIVERSITY MARCH 1997 APPENDIX 5 SCOTTISH COASTAL FLOODS Part. 1 Description Of Database FLOODNUMBER : DATEOF EVENT : Date given in Gregorian format unless otherwise stated. CAUSEOF ENEIýT A) TIDALCONDITIONS : Table 3.14 Classification of Paleo-Tidal Regimes Associated with Individual Events. Type 1- Very Severe, very exceptional tides and water level heights with a return interval of 50 years or more. Type 2- Severe, exceptional tides and water level heights with a return interval of between 25 and 49 years. Type 3- Moderate exceptional tides and water levels with a return interval of between 10 and 24 years. Type 4- Normal high or spring tides and water levels with a return interval of less than 10 years. Type 5- No mention of tides or storm surges in the descriptions of the events. B) WINDCONDITIONS : C) DURATIONOF STORM: Table 3.13 Classification of Storm Duration Type 1- Storm, where gale force winds (Beaufort force 7 or more) are recorded for less than 5 hours. Type 2- Storm, where gale force winds (Beaufort force 7 or more) are recorded between 5 and less than 10 hours. Type 3- Storm, where gale force winds (Beaufort force 7 or more) are recorded for 10 hours or more. D) ESTUARINECONDITIONS : This category is for information on the fluvial inputs which can contribute to estuarine flooding. E) LAMB'S(1972) CIRCULATIONPATTERN : F) LAMB'S (1950) 'SPELLS" G)ANY OTHER FACTORS : H) CLASSIFICATIONOF CAUSEOF EVENT: Table 3.11 Classification of Coastal Flooding Sub-Types. Type 1- Open coast and estuarine flooding and erosion caused by marine sources. Type 2- Estuarine flooding and erosion caused predominantly by marine sources but with some fluvial contribution. Type 3- Estuarine flooding and erosion caused by both marine and fluvial sources. Type 4- Estuarine flooding and erosion caused predominantly by fluvial sources but with some marine contribution. 420 Type 5- Open coast or estuarine flooding and erosion caused partially by anthropogenic interference. IMPACTOF EVENT A) EXTENTOF EVENT: B) DAMAGECAUSED : 3.5.1 Classification of Coastal Impacts. 1) Loss of life, injuries. 2) Marine - harbours, ships and boats, lighthouses and lightships. 3) Infrastructure - towns and villages, roads and streets, bridges, railway lines and stations, structures for the transmission of water, gas, electricity, cables, pipes, lines of commmunication and transport. 4) Commercial - retailing, service and industrial buildings and stock, mineral extraction. 5) Rural - loss of agricultural land, farm buidings, livestock and crops, forestry. 6) Public/Heritage - public buildings, parks, sport facilities and grounds, historic buildings and archaeological sites, military barrack and grounds, religious buildings and graveyards. 7) Homes/Gardens- houses, gardens, garden walls, 8) Geomorphological/Hydrological - coastal and estuarine defence works, sand bars, sand spits and other similar coastal features, river flooding associated with storms. 9) Other - reclaimed land. 10) General Statements. 11) No Impact Specified. C) IMPACTAT OTHERSITES : D) LOCATIONSAFFECTED OUTSIDE SCOTLAND AND SOURCES: E) SIZE OF EVENT : Table 3.8 Classification of Coastal Flood Magnitude. Local - These are events which caused flooding or erosion at a maximum of 3 specific locations. Intermediate - Events which affected between 4 and 6 specific locations and/or up to maximum of 2 counties and/or 1 main estuary; the latter two being accepted when multiple locations are implied but not specified. Large - Events which affect at least 7 specific locations and/or a minimum of 3 counties and/or at least 2 main estuaries. This category also includes events where the description only refers to a specific coastline, (for example the eastern coastline of Scotland) and when the description gives no more detail than just identifying Scotland as having been affected. The latter two reasons are only accepted in this category when multiple locations are implied but not specified. AUTHENT1CIlYOF EVENT A) SOURCESOF INFORMATION 421 B) ESTIMATEDRELIABILITY OF SOURCESAND DATING OF EVENT: Table 3.4 Classification of Events Based on Estimated Reliability of Information Sources and Dating. Class 1- Events considered as completely reliable because the original data source is contemporary or near contemporarywith the event it records. The use of the term 'contemporary' means that the observer was present at the time of the occurrence at the place and time of the event. In certain cases where there are two or more independent records of an event having occured, these events are also considered as reliable. Class 2- This category includes events considered as reliable although there may be minor problems of verification e.g. an original source that may differ slightly from the date of the event. Class 3- These are events included in the chronologies on the basis of likely reliability. This category includes many of the pre-1700 A.D. events where there is a strong dependence on work undertaken by previous researchers that is very difficult to verify. C) ASSESSMENTOF QUALITYOF DATA: If a category from above is not included in any of event descriptionsthis indicates that there is no recorded data for this section. 422 Part 2 Database FLOODNUMBER : CF. 1 DATE OF EVENT: 738A. D. A) TIDAL CONDITIONS : 1,2 Glasgow... tidal flood...flooded by the sea. H) CLASSIFICATIONOF CAUSEOF EVENT: Type 1. IMPACTOF EVENT A) EXTENTOF EVENT: 1,2 Glasgow flooded by the sea. B) DAMAGECAUSED : 1) 1,2 Glasgow..."more than 400 families were drowned" E) SIZE OF EVENT: Local AUTHEN11CITYOF EVENT A) SOURCESOF INFORMATION: 1Book C.E. P. Brooks J. Glasspoole (1928) "British FloodsAnd Droughts", Ernest Benn Ltd, London, ... and 197pp, p95. No original reference given. 2 Book E.J. Lowe (1870) "Natural Phenomena And ChronologyOf The Seasons" Bell And Daldy, London. ... Original Reference...Fordun, no date given. B) ESTIMATEDRELIABILITY OF SOURCESAND DATINGOF EVENT: Class3. C) ASSESSMENTOF QUALITYOF DATA: 1 Very short description of event, part of chapter on great coastal floods of the past, presumably based on other earlier historical compilations, no specific earlier references given to any of the events. 2 Short description of the event in one of the early meteorology chronologies. Very difficult to judge authenticity of this event. 423 FLOODNUMBER : CF. 2 DATE OF EVENT :1 1100 2 1100 (date given is 1097, this is most likely to be incorrect). CAUSE OF EVENT A) TIDAL CONDITIONS: 1 Dyke and Moy...coastal inundation. 2 Moray...coastal inundation. H) CLASSIFICATIONOF CAUSEOF EVENT: Type1. IMPACTOF EVENT A) EXTENT OF EVENT : 1 Dyke and Moy... coastline. 2 Moray... coastline. B) DAMAGE CAUSED : 5) 1 Dyke and Moy...flooding of agriculturalland. 2 Moray...flooding of agriculturalland. D) LOCATIONSAFFECTED OUTSIDE OF SCOTLANDAND SOURCES : 1 England Kent the inundation destruction Earl Godwins land the the Godwin ,2 and of and creation of Sands as a result. E) SIZE OF EVENT: Intermediate. AUTHENTICITYOF EVENT A) SOURCESOF INFORMATION: 1 Book...Sir John Sinclair (1791-1799)"The Statistical Account Of Scotland : Volume 16 Banffshire, Moray and Naimshire' Account Of The Parish Of Dyke and Moy, 1799, p567-573. Original Referencesgiven as Trusler using Blair's Chronology, no dates. Buchanan's "Life Of Malcolm Canmore" no date. Boethius, no date. John of Fordun "Scotichronicon"B. vii. ch. 50. no date. 2 Society For The Sons And Daughters Of The Clergy (1845) New Statistical Account Of Scotland : Volume 14 Invemessshire, Ross And Cromarty' Account of The Parish Of Ardersier, p466. Original References given as Boethius, no date. Buchanan, no date. B) ESTIMATED RELIABILITY OF SOURCES AND DATING OF EVENT : Class 3. C) ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA : 1 Scattered medieval references to various aspects of the event giving only limited information on the cause and impact of the event. 2 Short description of event based on poorly referenced medieval sources. Very difficult to judge the reliability of this event. 424 FLOODNUMBER : CF.3 DATE OF EVENT:1 1210 2 1210 (about the time of the feast of St Michael). CAUSE OF EVENT A) TIDAL CONDITIONS: 1 Perth...inundation. 2 Perth..."by a spring tide from the sea" C) ESTUARINECONDITIONS : 2 Perth..."The water of Tay, with the water of Almond, being swelled by the increasing rain' H) CLASSIFICATIONOF CAUSEOF EVENT: Type3. IMPACT OF EVENT A) EXTENTOF EVENT: 1 Perth... pecuilarly destructive flood. 2 Perth... "passed through a large part of that town" B) DAMAGECAUSED : 1) 1 Perth..."overwhelming casualty-the King lost a son, who, with his nurse and fourteen of his domestics, and many of the inhabitants perished" 3) 1 Perth..."a great part of the town was swept away" 2 Perth... "the large bridge of St John, with an ancient chapel, were over thrown" 6) 1 Perth..."the Palace or Castle in which the Royal Family resided was swept away" 7) 2 Perth...some houses...were overthrown" 8) 2 Perth..."a mound or rampart gave way" E) SIZE OF EVENT: Local A) SOURCS OF INFORMATION : 1 Book..