INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 Nortfi Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9325510 Preserving the ancient past in Licking County, Ohio: A case study Hooge, Paul Eric, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Hooge, Paul Eric. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PRESERVING THE ANCIENT PAST IN UCKING COUNTY, OHIO: A CASE STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul E. Hooge, B.A., B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by K. A. Marantz W. S. Dancey Advimr P. L. Stuhr Department of Art Education To The Children of Licking County 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the following individuals: Ken Marantz - Guidance and inspiration. Bill Dancey - Knowledge of the resource and methods for discovery and recovery. Pat Stuhr - Sensitivity to Native American issues and knowledge of the interview process. Kathy Easter - opening the door. Brad Lepper and Paul Pacheco - advise, encouragement and additional references. Kent Bowser - Partner in visual adventures. Ed Friedman - Organizing the troops. Cindy - Consulting. Stan - Confident of the possibility. Shari - Excellence, dependability and always a smile. My Parents - The source. My Children - Patience. Kathy - Love All of the Above - Friendship A special thanks to those who participated in this study through interviews or the questionnaire. Ill VITA 1993......................... Ph.D., Art Education, Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, June. 1988......................... M.A., Art Education, Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, December. 1982......................... B.S., Education, College of Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, June. 1970......................... B.A., Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, March. PUBUCATIONS Hooge, P. E (1992). Archaeology and Preservation in Licking County: A Case Study of The Alligator Mound. In P. E Hooge, B. T. Lepper (Ed.), Vanishing Heritage (pp. 65-73). Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Hooge, P. E (1992). Preserving the Past for the Future. In P. E Hooge, B. T. Lepper (Ed.), Vanishing Heritage (pp. 74-92). Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Hooge, P. £ , Wymer, D. A. (1992). Licking County's First Farmers. In P. E. Hooge, B. T. Lepper (Ed.) Vanishing Heritage (pp. 51-57), Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Hooge, P. E (1985). Discovering the Prehistoric Mound Builders of Licking Countv. Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Hooge, P. E. and Desmond, K. K. (1984). "Discovering the Prehistoric Builders of Licking County Through Art and Archaeology." Columbus Art. Fall 5 (3) 14-15. Hooge, P. E., Smith, K. A., and Wymer, D. A. (1988). Ohio Prehistoric Chronologv. Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Hooge, P. E (1990). First Farmers of Licking County, Ohio. Newark Advocate. November 1. Fisher, D. C., Lepper, B. T., Hooge, P. E. (1991). Taphonomic Analysis of The Burning Tree Mastodon, Current Research in the Pleistocene. Lepper, B. T., Hooge, P. E, et al. (1991). Intestinal contents of a late Pleistocene Mastodon from Midcontinental North America. Quaternary Research (accepted for 1991 publication). Hooge, P. E (1991). Granville Area Mound has Rich Heritage. Newark Advocate. March 3, 1991- VIDEOS PRODUCED AND DIRECTED Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society (Producer) and Hooge, P. E. (Director) (1986). Ethics and Archaeology Part I: Conflicts in Collecting [Videotape]. Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society (Producer) and Hooge, P. E. (Director) (1986). A History of Ohio Archaeology [Videotape]. Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society (Producer) and Hooge, P.E (Director) (1986). Human Values and the Future of Ohio's Prehistoric Earthworks [Videotape]. Newark, Ohio: Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. REPORTS Hooge, P. E, Pacheco, P. J., Smith, K. A., Wymer, D. A. (1986). Cultural Assessment of the Blackhand Gorge Nature Preserve. Licking County. Ohio. Unpublished report for The Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Hooge, P. E. (1986). The Toboso Elementary School Archaeological Discovery Project. Unpublished report for the Jennings Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Hooge, P. E (1988). Prehistoric Art in a Changing Environment. Unpublished report for The Ohio Arts Council. Pacheco, P., Hooge, P. E. (1990). Phase I and Phase II Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Branstool Well Gathering line #1. Utica. Ohio. The licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society, Newark, Ohio. Hooge, P. E. (1991). Excavations at the Min thorn Canal Lock. Fairfield County. Ohio. Unpublished report for The Ohio Department of Natural Resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................... iii VITA............................................................................................................................ iv UST OF TABLES. ...................................................................................................... ix UST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ x CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY................................................................. 1 A Brief Overview ............................................................................... 1 O bjectives ........................................................................................... 4 The Archaeological Resource Defined .............................................. 6 Addressing The Problem ..................................................................... 9 American Perceptions of Native Americans ............................... 14 Archaeological Preservation - An International Overview... 17 Priorities in Preservation and Conservation ............................... 21 Aesthetics And The Archaeological Resource ............................ 24 A Brief Introduction To The Study Area ....................................... 27 The Environmental Setting - Lots 1-13 Of the Original Granville Purchase ............................................... 27 Who Were the Moundbuilders ................................................... 33 Recent History of the Study Area ............................................. 38 II. METHODS................................................................................................... 46 Introduction ....................................................................................... 46 Data Collection Strategies And Tactics ........................................... 47 Literature Review ....................................................................... 47 Photography. ............................................................................. 48 Field Reconnaissance ................................................................. 50 Personal Observations ............................................................... 51 Interview Study ........................................................................... 51 Introduction ........................................................................... 51 Available Studies of a Similar N ature ............................... 52 Private Ownership and the Preservation of Archaeological Sites ................................................. 54 Design of the Interview Study ..................................... 55 Selecting Sites - Conducting Interviews ........................... 56 Overview Questions for the Interview Study ........ 60 Participants ............................................................................... 61 vi Hypothesis and Question