Eudicotyledons Revised 14th of March 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EUDICOTYLEDONS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN TREATED ELSEWHERE ACANTHACEAE Justicia Lappula Ruellia Lithospermum AIZOACEAE Mollugo Mertensia AMARANTHACEAE Acnida Onosmodium Amaranthus Myosotis Froelichia BRASSICACEAE Alyssum APOCYNACEAE Amsonia Arabidopsis Apocynum Arabis ARALIACEAE Aralia Armoracia Kalopanax Barbarea Panax Berteroa ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias Brassica Cynanchum Cakile BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens Camelina BERBERIDACEAE Berberis Capsella Caulophyllum Cardamine Jeffersonia Cardaria Podophyllum Cheiranthus BORAGINACEAE Buglossoides Conringia Cynoglossum Dentaria Echium Descurainia Hackelia Dilpotaxis Draba Euphorbia Erysimum FUMARIACEAE Corydalis Hesperis Dicentra Iodanthus GENTIANACEAE Bartonia Lepidium Frasera Nasturtium Gentiana Rorippa Nymphoides Sisymbrium Sabatia Thlaspi GERANIACEAE Geranium CACTACEAE Opuntia HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche Proserpinaca CAMPANULACEAE Campanula HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea Lobelia Valisneria Triodanis HYDROPHYLLACEAE Ellisia CANNABINACEAE Cannabis Hydrophyllum Humulus HYPERICACEAE Hypericum CAPPARACEAE Cleome Sarothra Polansia Triadenum CAPRIFOLIACEAE Diervilla LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia Linnaea LIMNANTHACEAE Floerkea Lonicera LINACEAE Linum Sambucus LOGANIACEAE Spigelia Symphoricarpos LYTHRACEAE Ammania Triosteum Cuphea Viburnum Decodon CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria Lythrum Cerastium MALVACEAE Abutilon Gypsophila Callirhoë Lychnis Hibiscus Paronychia Iliamna Saponaria Malva Scleranthus Napaea Silene Sphaeralcea Stellaria MELASTOMACEAE Rhexia CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum MENISPERMACEAE Menispermum CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex MENYANTHACEAE Menyanthes Chenopodium NYCTAGINACEAE Mirabilis Cycloloma ONAGRACEAE Circaea Salsola Epilobium CISTACEAE Helianthemum Gaura Hudsonia Ludwigia Lechea Oenothera CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus OXALIDACEAE Oxalis Cuscuta PAPAVERACEAE Argemone Ipomoea Chelidonium CORNACEAE Cornus Eschscholtzia CRASSULACEAE Penthorum Papaver Sedum Sanguinaria CURCURBITACEAE Cucurbita Stylophorum Echinocystis PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora Sicyos PENTHORACEAE Penthorum DIPSACACEAE Dipsacus PHRYMACEAE Phryma Knautia PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca EMPETRACEAE Empetrum POLEMONIACEAE Collomia EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha Phlox Chamaesyce Polemonium POLYGALACEAE Polygala Houstonia POLYGONACEAE Antenoron Mitchella Fagopyrum SALICACEAE Salix Fallopia SANTALACEAE Comandra Persicaria SARRACENIACEAE Sarracenia Polygonella SAXIFRAGACEAE Heuchera Polygonum Mitella Rumex Parnassia Tovara Saxifragia Tracaulon Sullivantia PORTULACEAE Claytonia Tiarella Portulaca SOLANACEAE Datura Talinum Lycium PRIMULACEAE Androsace Nicotiana Dodecatheon Physalis Lysimachia Solanum Naumbergia UTRICACEAE Boehmeria Primula Laportea Steironema Parietaria Trientalis Pilea PYROLACEAE Chimaphila Urtica Pyrola VALERIANACEAE Valeriana RHAMNACEAE Ceanothus VERBENACEAE Callicarpa Rhamnus Phyla RUBIACEAE Cephalanthus Verbena Diodia VIOLACEAE Hybanthus Galium Viola The Good Dicots Dicotyledons, Dicotyledones n. (modern Botanical Latin dīcotylēdones (plural), from Greek δι-, di-, twice, &κοτυληδών, kotyledon, cup-shaped hollow or cavity) One of two major groups of the angiosperms distinguished by the presence of two opposite leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo. Other typical characters of the Dicotyledons are characterized by reticulate leaf venation, floral organs usually in fours or fives, vascular bundles arranged a circle, a persistent primary root system developing from the radicle, & 2econdary thickening (present in trees & 2hrubs, usually absent in herbaceous plants). The Dicotyledons were long considered a homogenous entity. Only recently have they been split into two groups, the primitive angiosperms (magnoliids) & Rosidae (eudicots). (Stuppy & Kesseler 2008). Angiosperms have traditionally been split into monocotyledons & dicotyledons, or plants with one or two seed leaves respectively. One group of plants was problematic, & had two seeds leaves, but primitive flowers & some traits in common with monocots. That group is the Magnoliids, or primitive angiosperms, which see. The remainder of the dicots are called Eudicots, the prefix eu-, from Greek ἐὐς, eus, good, meaning the good dicots. The following manuscript deals with the Eudicots that are not treated in separate sections. ACANTHACEAE Durende 1762 ACANTHUS FAMILY From the type genus Acantha, from Greek ἀκανθα, akantha, spine, thorn, prickle. JUSTICIA Linnaeus WATER WILLOW Acanthaceae Justicia (jus-TIS-ee-a) New Latin, from James Justice, (1698-1763), Scottish horticulturist &botanist, & New Latin –ia. A genus of about 600 spp of perennial herbs or tender evergreen shrubs growing in water or wet places & having entire leaves & small flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes or heads. Tropical & warm temperate North America. Often included in Dianthera. (dy-ANTH-er-uh) Justicia americana (Linnaeus) Vahl *IA, MI WATER WILLOW, aka AMERICAN WATER WILLOW, CARMANTINE D’AMÉRIQUE, COMMON WATER-WILLOW, SPIKE JUSTICIA, (americanus -a -um (a-me-ri- KAH-nus) of the New World, American.) OBL Habitat: Submerged or exposed mudbars, sand bars, &gravelbars, the muddy shores of streams & on islands, & shallow water of lakes, ponds, or streams, often in slow running to stagnant water. Often excluding other vegetation. Native stands may grow in up to 3 feet of clean, clear water. In se USA, River and stream beds, in shallow water, often rooted in rocky shallows (w15). distribution/range: Common in most of Illinois except northwest part of the state. In Michigan, spp is found in more riparian habitats than lacustrine. One of the most common spp of seasonally variable aquatic habitats in the se USA. J ovata (Walter) Lindau LOOSEFLOWER WATER-WILLOW is found in southern Illinois. Culture: propagation: This sp seldom forms seeds. Seeds are not in the trade & plants are in limited supply. 1,200,000 (jfn04) seeds per pound. availability: Seed is not available. Limited availability as plants. Beaucoup Bucks at some nurseries. asexual propagation: Division, single node stem cuttings in spring. cultivation: Tolerant of seasonal water level changes. Description: Erect, herbaceous, perennial forb; fibrous roots from rhizomes, forming large colonies; stems to 2.5(3.0)’, stout, with prominent white lines; leaves opposite, elliptic to linear, to 6”, distinctive white midvein entire length of the leaf; inflorescence of individual spikes on long peduncles from upper leaf axils; flowers white (purple, pink) with purple (white, pink, purple, violet), 5-merous, anthers purplish-red; fruit is a 0.5” brown capsule, tapering to stipe-like base, capsule 2-celled, cell 2-seeded; seeds when present 0.13” long, warty, verrucose; N. key features: Linear leaves with a white midrib, prominent white lines along the stem, colonial habit along shorelines. “Mat-forming perennial of river slackwater areas; leaves opposite, narrowly elliptical; flowers pale violet marked with dark purple, borne in axillary clusters near top of plant.” (msue) Comments: status: Native. Threatened in Illinois? & Michigan Endangered in Iowa. phenology: Blooms locally 6-8; 4-10. C3. The attractive flowers are reminiscent of small orchids. Used in water gardens, wetland & stream restorations. Local observations suggest that this sp is increasing because erosion from agricultural lands is increasing the mud load of our streams, thus creating more of the mudbar habitats (sw94). Sp is negatively impacted by agricultural runoff. Seed source Munchkin Land, several days walk east of Emerald City, a stream in the middle of the cornfield where the Scarecrow was found (sp reproduces aggressively, vegetatively, setting little seed; most populations are potentially self-incompatible clones). The seeds, when formed, are forcibly ejected from the capsules when ripe (Penfound 1940). “Characteristic species of submerged or exposed mudbars in streams, often to the exclusion of other vegetation; muddy shores of streams and on islands; shallow water; generally in running water” (Ilpin) Associates: Larval host for TEXAN CRESCENTSPOT BUTTERFLY. Nectar & pollen source. Attracts butterflies. Colonies provide important spawning areas for many fish spp & habitat for invertebrates. Plants are a minor food source for muskrats. Minimal deer resistance. ethnobotany: VHFS: Often included in the genus Dianthera. Basionym Dianthera americana Linnaeus 1753. [Dianthera americana L, D americana L var subcoriacea (Fern) Shinners, Dianthera ensiformis Walter, Dicliptera americana (L) AW Wood, Ecbolium americanum (L) Kuntze, Justicia americana (L) Vahl var subcoriacea Fern, J linearifolia Lam, J mortuifluminis Fern, J umbratilis Fern] Also J pedunculosa Vahl. http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/explorer/species.cfm?id=13277 Justicia americana Line drawings courtesy of Kentucky Native Plant Society. RUELLIA Linnaeus RUELLIA, WILD PETUNIA Acanthaceae Ruellia for the French herbalist, physician, & botanist, Jean Ruel, (de la Ruelle) Latinized Ruellius, (1474-1537 or 1539). About 300 (150) spp of the tropics & temperate North America, 4 spp in Illinois. Seen as Ruellia (Plumier) L. Ruellia caroliniensis produces chasmogamous (outcrossed) flowers in the spring which rarely set fruit, while the cleistogamous (small, self-fertilized) flowers in the summer and early autumn produce abundant seeds. Other Ruellia species have been found to produce cleistogamous flowers from late Jun to the first frost. (Long & Uttal 1962) RW Long & LJ Uttal, 1962. Some observations on flowering in Ruellia (Acanthaceae). Rhodora 64: 200-206. Ruellia