CQQPE ION IN SOUTHERN RICA A Post-Apartheid Perspective E&ted by Bertil Odkn and Haroub 8thman Se~narProcee&ngs No. 22 The Scan&.na~w~Institute of &:can Stu&es Seminar Proceedings No. 2 REGIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA A Post-Apartheid Perspective Edited by Bertil Odei? and Haroub Othman The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1989 Cover: Detail from On the other side of the border, a small tapestry made by Mmaphala Koboyatshwene and Mosire Morake from the weaving cooperative in Oodi, Lentswe la Oodi Weavers, Botswana Cover photo: Thorbjorn Mohlin Typesetting: Karin Andrae and Susanne Ljung Editing: Sonja Johansson and Mai Palmberg C3 Nordiska afrikainstitutet, 1989 Printed in Sweden by Bohuslaningens Boktryckeri AB, Uddevalla 1989 ISSN 0281-0018 ISBN 91- 7106-298-X Contents Abbreviations Preface Introduction Bertil Odln and Haroub Othman Some Factors behind Nordic Relations with Southern Africa Tor Sellstrbin South Africa's Regional Policies in the Late and Post-Apartheid Periods Elling Njdl Tjonneland Labour and Migrant Labour in Destabilized and Future Southern Africa Gabriele Winai Strom Regional Cooperation in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: The Need for a Uniform Information System and Data Base in the SADCC Region C. K. Brown Strategies for Regional Cooperation in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa- the Role of Non-Governmental Organisations Ansu Datta Transport Structures and Dependency Relations in Southern Africa: The Need for a Reorientation of Nordic Aid Hans Abrahamsson Aiming Beyond Conventional Development Assistance: An Analysis of Nordic Aid to the SADCC Region Tom Dstergaard If not Global, then (Inter-)Regional:The Mini-NIEO Alternative Helge Hveon Industrial Development in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa. Some Issues for Further Research in a SADRA/Nordic Context ]an lsaksen Dissonance and Class Conflict in Post-Apartheid South Africa Gwen M. Malahleha Report from the Concluding Plenary Session of the Conference Annex I Annex I1 About the Contributors List of Participants Abbreviations AAC Anglo-American Corporation ACP African, Carribbean and Pacific Countries (signatories of the Lom6 Conventions) AED Africa Economic Digest AET Africa Educational Trust ANC African National Congress BOLESWERA Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Educational Research Association cmc Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation CM1 Chr Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway CONSAS Constellation of Southern African States COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CSM Church of Sweden Mission CODESRIA Council for the Development of Social Research in Africa DAC Development Assistance Committee DANIDA Danish International Development Authority DUH Norwegian Ministry for Development Assistance ECOWAS Economic Commission of West African States ECLA UN Economic Commission for Latin America EEC European Economic Community EIU Economist Intelligence Unit ELOK Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo-Kavango Church ESA Europe-Southern Africa Conference ESARG Europe-Southern Africa Research Group FINNIDA Finnish International Development Authority FREUMO Frente de Libertaqao de Mqambique GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product IATA International Air Transport Association IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDAF International Defense and Aid Fund IFU Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries IMF International Monetary Fund ISAK Isolate South Africa Committee, Sweden ISAS Institute of Southern African Sh~dies,Lesotho IS1 import substitution industrialization LW Lutheran World Federation MFN most favoured nation MPLA Movimento Popular de Liberta~iiode Angola NGO Non-Governmental Organisation m0 New International Economic Order NMS Norwegian Missionary Society NSMS National Security Management System NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Development OAU Organization of African Unity ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PTA Preferential Treatment Area (Eastern and Southern Africa) SAARC South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADIS Southern African Documentation and Information System SADRA Southern African Development and Research Association SAECS Southern Africa-Europe Container Service SALC Southern African Labour Commission SAREC Swedish Agency for Resarch Cooperation with Developing Countries SATCC Southern African Transport and Communications Commission SAUSSC Southern African Universities Social Science Council S1AS Scandinavian Institute of African Studies SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SWAPO South West Africa People's Organisation SWEDFUND Swedish Fund for Industrial Co-operation with Developing Countries TAZARA Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority TNC Transnational Corporation UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNIDO United Nations Industry Development Organization UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNHCR United Nations High ~ommissioneiforRefugees USAID United States Agency for International Development wcc World Council of Churches wus World University Service ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZAPU Zimbabwe African People's Union Preface The need for cooperation between scholars from the Southern Africa region and the Nordic countries has been recognized for some years. As Nordic relations with SADCC and its member countries were strength- ened cooperation in the research field was put on the agenda. Hence SADRA and SIAS undertook to initiate a conference. The conference theme was "Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa with a Post-Apartheid Perspective". These proceedings contain the results of this joint effort. The conference was convened in Harare, Zimbabwe, 21-23 September 1988, bringing together scholars from the Southern Africa region and the Nordic countries, interested in Southern African issues. From the SIAS' point of view the conference formed part of the Southern Africa Programme, one of three ongoing thematic programmes at the Institute. One main aim of this programme is to strengthen Nordic research on Southern Africa, and this obviously cannot be done without a wider and deeper cooperation between researchers in the Nordic coun- tries and their colleagues in Southern Africa. SADRA was founded with one of its objectives being to make an in- tellectual contribution to the efforts of the Southern African countries to distance themselves from the apartheid regime of South Africa, and to bring about a closer cooperation among themselves. It was felt therefore that the research community of the two regions, working on Southern African questions, should get together to look at the possibilities of coope- ration and to complement each other's efforts. Thus the conference was informed of ongoing and planned research in both regions in the field of regional cooperation; discussed papers relating to various aspects of regional cooperation in Southern Africa; and identified research projects where scholars from the two regions can cooperate. The conference was financed by SIDA, the Swedish International Deve- lopment Authority, and part of the practical arrangements were carried out by the Regional Office of SAREC, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries, and ZIDS, the Zimbabwe Institute of Development Studies. We acknowledge this support with gratitude. We would also like to thank Karin Andrze and Susanne Ljung, SIAS, for their careful and unflagging efforts to make the manuscripts correct and coherent. Uppsala, February 1989 Bertil Ode'n Haroub Othman Scandinavian Institute Southern African of African Studies (SIAS) Development and Research Association (SADRA) Introduction Bertil Odin and Haroub Othman In order to provide a more substantive basis for the discussions on future research cooperation a number of papers were commissioned for the conference in Harare. They are included in these proceedings and they cover a wide area of topics, exemplifying the diversified research activities that are going on in the two regions. In the first paper Tor Sellstrom presents some factors behind the present intense relations between Southern Africa and the Nordic countries, re- vealing also a number of Nordic-South Africa relations as late back as the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Elling Njdl Tjonneland discusses in his paper South African regional policies. While he analyses the vast possibilities for social and economic development of the entire region after the liberation of South Africa he also points out that there will remain difficulties to escape from the dominance and dependency relations inherited from the past, and suggests areas of importance on a common research agenda. Gabriele Winai Strom in her paper on labour and migrant labour in the region discusses some of the aspects of the present mining labour structure in a post-apartheid perspective, including the different factors that will possibly increase and decrease the demand for migrant labour in the South African mines after apartheid. Both C.K. Brown and Ansu Datta discuss the need for strengthened and improved regional cooperation in their respective papers. Brown argues that the synchronization of SADCCs developmental objectives calls for the coordination of research activities at the regional level and that this re- quires effective regional information service