The Azerbaijan Museum in Tabriz Gholamreza Yazdani Mina Ranjbar Abdalreza Hashtroudilar Photographs by Asgar Mahdoudi1 Azerbaijan Museum, Tabriz he plan of establishing the Azerbaijan BCE (the Neolithic age), discovered at Ismailabad TMuseum dates back to 1927. Construction of near Tehran. The skilled artists of the Neolithic the present building began in 1958, and in 1962 age decorated their pottery with black lines or it opened. Located next to the Blue Mosque on abstract patterns [Fig. 2]. Emam Khomeini Avenue, the museum was At the start of the Neolithic age in Iran, some designed by André Godard, the Director of the 9000 years ago, some people adopted a settled National Museum in Tehran, and constructed by lifestyle instead of moving regularly from one Ismail Dibaj [Fig. 1]. place to another. These people began producing The Azerbaijan Museum is one of the most food and making stone tools such as lances, important in Iran. It is the frst and oldest museum scrapers, chisels, and perforators. According to in the northwestern part of the country and is anthropological and archaeological studies, the considered the second archaeological museum in Neolithic age in Iran witnessed several stages of Iran. The exhibits include objects from different development: a) gathering food; b) gathering and archaeological sites throughout the country and storing food; c) producing and settling in rural cover the full chronological span of its history, areas (Madad 2008, p. 3). These developments thus making the museum truly a national one. continued in the 5th and 4th millennia BCE. This essay provides an overview of the collection and places the objects in their historical context. The pre-historic and early historic periods in the collection On entering the Azerbaijan Museum, visitors frst see ceramics dating from the 5th millennium Fig. 1 (left). Tabriz and the Azerbaijan Museum. Fig. 2 (above). Bowl from Ismailabad, 5th millennium BCE. Copyright © 2011 The Silkroad Foundation. Copyright © 2011 The Azerbaijan Museum. The Silk Road 9 (2011): 71 – 87 71 Copyright © 2011 The authors and holders of photo rights as indicated. Some of the objects on display in the Azerbaijan the Lut plain. It covers an area of 60 km2. Its Museum from this period were discovered at oldest remains date back to 5th millennium BCE Shahdad and Shahr-e soukhte. The ancient site and the artifacts found on the site, especially the of Shahdad is located on the western border of fgurines, are comparable with those of equivalent date from southern Mesopotamia. This evidence proves the close relationship between this region and its western neighbors. It seems this region was the capital of “Arat” (Madad 2008, p. 11). Shahr-e soukhte, located about 57 km along the road from Zabol to Zahedan, is one of the largest Bronze Age sites in the east of Iran. The most famous ceramics of Shahr-e Soukhte are a kind of ware known as “Turkmen” or “Kovite” that is similar to the pottery from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. The common wares are plain beakers, fasks, and bowls [Figs. 3, 4] (Madad 2008, p. 11). The collection also includes from the 3rd millennium BCE several stones in the shape of handbags or weights, decorated with animals or plant patterns and used in ritual ceremonies [Fig. 5]. Made of serpentine, these stones come from the important site of Jiroft (Kerman). Other Figs. 3, 4. Jar and beaker from Shar-e Soukhte, 4th Bronze Age objects include wares dating to rd nd millennium BCE. the 3 and 2 millennium BCE discovered by archaeologists on the southern bank of the Araxes River, the border between Iran and Azerbaijan. While made for ordinary use, these wares are impressive evidence of the skill of the potters. Among the most important anthropomorphic sculptures in the museum is a fgurine of a woman, undoubtedly representing a goddess Fig. 5. Ritual object from Jiroft, 3rd millennium BCE. 72 connected with fertility Fig. 6. Image of a goddess from [Fig. 6]. It was found at Rostamabad in northern Iran, Rostamabad in the north of 1st millennium BCE. Iran and dates from the 1st millennium BCE. The most architecture, metal work, and interesting and important pottery. Their gold work showcase in the museum is especially noteworthy; highlights another discovery valuable examples have dating back to the beginning been discovered through the of the 1st millennium BCE. It surveys in Zivie, Hasanlu, shows the skeletons belonging and Qelaichi (Madad 2008, p. to a young couple, laid out in 26). the position of their burial with their grave goods as The Golden Age of Iran they were discovered in 1999- began in 550 BCE with 2003 near the Blue Mosque in the establishment of the Tabriz [Fig. 7]. Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus. Many consider that Next to a showcase featuring Achaemenid Iran was the bronze tools made in Lorestan center of civilization and in the 2nd millennium BCE is culture in Asia and the ancient a display of gold ornaments world, with prosperous which were probably made agriculture and commerce by artists of Manna or Media and the development of [Figs. 8, 9, next page]. The scientifc and geographical kingdom of Manna ruled knowledge. Cyrus’s decree in the region of Media at the time he conquered (the present Azerbaijan) Photo Copyright © 2010 Daniel C. Waugh Babylon is considered to be from the beginning of the the frst declaration of respect 1st millennium to the early 7th century BCE. for Human Rights. The invasion of Alexander of Manna was the economic and cultural center Macedonia brought to an end the 230 years of of Media. Agriculture fourished in the region; Achaemenid rule; his successors established the the people of Manna were skilled in art, Seleucid state. With the rise of the Parthians in northeastern Iran around 250 BCE, the Seleucids were gradually driven out. The Sasanian dynasty eventually replaced the Parth- ians and ruled for more than four centuries until the time of Yazdegerd III and the Arab Fig. 7. Burial of a couple, 1st millenni- um BCE, excavated near the Blue Mosque Photo Copyright © 2010 Daniel C. Waugh in Tabriz. 73 Figs. 8, 9. Necklaces probably made by Manna or Median artisans, early 1st millennium BCE. Photo (right) copyright © 2010 Daniel C. Waugh invasions which established Islamic rule Characteristically shaped to include an animal (Madad 2008, p. 32). Some of the most signifcant protome, a rhyton was perceived as a symbol items in the collection of the Azerbaijan Museum of nature and a means of obtaining power from illustrate these long and important chapters in Figs. 10 (left). Achaemenid silver rhyton. the history of Iran. Fig. 11 (below). Ceramic Parthian rhyton with the Among the best known of Achaemenid artifacts protome of a goat. are gold or silver rhytons, drinking vessels used for wine in ritual ceremonies [Fig. 10]. Figs. 10, 11, photos copyright © 2011 Daniel C. Waugh. 74 Figs. 12a, b. Parthian stucco reliefs from the Zahak fortress in Hashtroud. follows the techniques of previous eras, the ceramics often decorated with complex or simple lines, triangles, and circles (Kiyani 2008, pp. 29–31). Two of the noteworthy objects in the museum from the Parthian period are stuccos from Zahak fortress in Hashtroud (a county in eastern Azerbaijan) [Fig. 12]. The Sasanian rulers sponsored major architectural projects, proclaimed their rule in monumental sculpture, and presided over a fourishing production of luxury goods. Sasanian ceramicists improved on previous techniques [Fig. 13]; their wares were commonly greenish or bluish and often decorated with stamps or carving, the patterns imitating those on stucco work and cloth (Tiwhidi 2007, p. 31). Sasanian glass was prized even as far away as China and Korea [Fig. 14, next page]. Vast quantities of silver coinage were minted, the coins being one of the standard currencies of the age. Silver was also widely used for making dishes and jars. The most important and best known Sasanian metal objects are the gilded silver ones depicting Fig. 13. Sasanian ceramics. Figs. 12a,b; 13 photo copyright © 2010 Daniel C. Waugh natural forces. It is believed that such vessels, originally called takouk, originated in Iran; when they were brought to Greece they came to be termed rhytons. Rhytons also were produced in ceramic, the wares of the Achaemenid period having blue, green, creamy or white, black, orange, and brown slip. Parthian rhytons are also part of the museum’s collection [Fig. 11]. Parthian pottery largely 75 Fig. 14. Sasanian is one of its prize exhibits, to be seen near the glass fask. entrance on the ground foor: a slab of marble hunting, festivals, known as the “Besem Allah Stone” belonging and fghting scenes to the late Islamic period [Fig. 17]. It is the work of an Iranian artist, Muhammad Ali Quchani [Figs. 15, 16]. These th wares are engraved in 19 century. The Ottoman government and embossed; commissioned him to make it as a grave stone some of them bear for the Prophet Muhammad. However, after Pahlavi inscriptions trying unsuccessfully for eight years to receive (Tiwhidi 2007, p. his payment, the sculptor transported the three- 33). Sasanian dishes ton slab from Istanbul via Georgia, Armenia depicting the Royal and Nakhjivan to Tabriz, where he died before Hunt have been he could take it on to Mashhad. The stone was found in the fur- placed on his own grave but recently was producing forests transferred to the museum for conservation. On far to the north in the stone are inscribed poems appreciating the Prophet Muhammad in three languages, Persian, Photo copyright © 2010 Daniel C. Waugh the Ural Mountains of Russia, where Arabic, and Turkish. they provide evidence of early medieval trade After the fall of the Sasanian empire, some parts connections with Iran.