American International Journal of Social Science Vol. 2 No. 7; October 2013 American Characters Reflected in Susan Sontag’s Literary Writings Song Shenli (宋沈黎) College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University 1 Foreign Language College Zhejiang Gongshang University Xia Sha City-University-Town, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018 China Abstract The influential yet controversial American writer and critic Susan Sontag, is reputable for her sharp insight and profound learning, Sontag’s writings cover a wide range of fields, including social criticism, literary creation, cultural studies, and political critiques. To further understand Sontag’s contributions to contemporary American literature and culture, this thesis is aimed at exploring the formation of her thematic consideration and the employment of artistic techniques so as to reveal the core values of Sontag’s creative writings. Key Words: American Characters; National identity; Utopia But there’s everything in Shakespeare. Exactly. As in America. America is meant to mean everything. — Susan Sontag, In America At the end of the twentieth century, Susan Sontag stands as a highly visible international figure for her established fame in the literary circle and the domain of social criticism. As an essayist, short story writer, novelist and a leading commentator on modern culture, Susan Sontag has produced many essays covering such diverse topics as camp, pornographic literature, fascist aesthetics, photography, AIDS, and revolution in the third world countries. Within the American literary circle, she was called “a literary pinup,” and “the dark lady of American Letters,” while she remains as one of 50 Great Living Americans in Marquis’s Who’s Who (1995). Ranking number 61 on Life’s list of “Women Who Shook the World,” (1995) Sontag has been named a Chevalier in the Order of Arts and Letters in Paris (1995) and has won a Macarthur “genius” award (1990) and the Montblanc de la Culture award (1994) for her humanitarian work in Sarajevo. For many critics, Sontag has become a symbol with rich intellectual, cultural, and political connotations. The standard description of this unique figure in the late 1960s, as Partisan Review director William Phillips noted, “is that of the up-to-date radical, a stand-in for everything advanced, extreme and outrageous” (Kennedy 1). In fact, Sontag has been made into not one, but many symbols: “The Evangelist of the New,” “Miss Camp,” “The Conscience of America” and “The last Intellectual.” Sontag’s contribution to American cultural criticism cannot be easily prised apart from such popular conceptions. Probably “the most widely read intellectual of her generation, her critical trajectory from the early 1960s to today has been a highly public one” (Kennedy 2). In introducing Susan Sontag’s literary contribution, the author of this thesis must weave her novels and essays with Sontag’s own confirmation in titling her 1969’s book Styles of Radical Will. Just as this title suggests, Sontag indeed situates herself as representing one style of the radical will. The strength of the mind and the nature of art are always a matter of serious, willed heroics for her, to some extent, being self-corrective, in her distinguished, tough manner. Just as her comments goes, 1 This research is sponsored by Hangzhou Philosophical and Social Science Planning Project (No. D13WX02, 杭州市哲学 社会科学规划课题《约翰·巴斯的后现代美学思想研究》)& Research Project of Zhejiang Gongshang University in 2013 (No. X13-11, 浙江工商大学 2013 年校级科研项目《接受美学视域下后现代文学的经典建构》). 26 © Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.aijssnet.com “The new American radicalism is, I think, undeniably more intelligent and more sensitive and more creative than the so-called Old Left. But it is also, as part of these same virtues, more provincial, more excruciatingly American. If the main struggle at this moment is to establish an alternative or adversary culture, it is entirely American that that struggle flourishes around the goal of freedom (not, for instance, justice). And even more specifically American is what is understood as the content of freedom—the guarantee of freedom to the individual. American radical thought verges on a kind of Adam Smith doctrine according to which, even in matters of revolution, the pursuit of private advantage inexorably leads to public benefit. Americans are notoriously optimistic people, but I think we shall have to wait a long time for our Laissez-faire revolution.” (qtd. in Sayre 131) Having made a radical break with postwar criticism of the 1950s, Sontag left a great impact on experimental art in the 1960s and 1970s. Introducing many new thought-provoking ideas to American culture, her work greatly blurred the boundaries between high and popular culture with its advocating of an aesthetic approach to the culture study, emphasizing style over content. So far her name has already become synonymous with a lot of expectations—most notably of “the dream of self-creation, of self-fulfillment, of standing alone, on the cutting edge, articulate, independent, and attractive” (Rollyson and Paddock xiii). The controversy over American identity remains a central concern in Sontag’s creative writings, such as In America, in which the protagonists Maryna and Bogdan are impressed by Americans’ belief in wanting things and getting things. In Sontag’s view, they also have doubts about how much they have to do beyond the wanting. According to her observation, even America “has its America” (IA 120). The future is always somewhere else, which much closely corresponds to R.W.B. Lewis’s arguments in The American Adam, who believes that the image of Adam embodies the contemporary ideas of “the authentic Americans as a figure of heroic innocence and vast potentialities, poised at the start of a new history.” No matter how “illusory” or “vulnerable,” this image has invariably “an air of adventurousness, a sense of promise and possibility,” with “its openness to challenge, its susceptibility to controversy” (Lewis 1). Generally speaking, there are two different kinds of qualities to be invoked about the image of an early American: one is referred as the planning, originating desire, the one that seeks and finds means for its fulfillment, which gets Europeans to America, as well as gets anyone, Europeans or Americans, to achieve anything at all. The other one presents itself as a much lonelier, powerless evocation of the will, which represents lingering desire without any hope or means of fulfillment, since all we have is the willing itself, supposed to be capable of magically turning out thought into action. America was not the end-product of a long historic process: it was something entirely new. The new habits to be engendered on the new American scene were suggested by the image of a radically new personality, the hero of the new adventure. Yet during the Second Reconstruction, a period when race moved to the foreground as America struggled to live up to its ideal of freedom for all its citizens, national identity turned out to be a variable thing whose connotation has been changing all the time under the impact of the black and other ethnic freedom movements. At the same time, white American scholars also maintain an evolving attitude toward blackness, whiteness, and “Americanness”. Race is, and always has been, central to American experience. As for the term “Americanism,” Kasba Maase states in his article “‘Americanization’, ‘Americanness’ and ‘Americanisms’: Time for a Change in Perspective” that people initially subscribed it to a patriotism which is critical of the failings within Anglo-American society. Deeply troubled by the sectional division caused by the Civil War and by Gilded Age materialism, they celebrate the Revolutionary past originally as a utopian dream of national possibility, though after the devastating Depression of 1893, American people’s “Americanism” altered dramatically to a defense of existing governmental institutions, with an increasingly militaristic imagery that emphasized laws rather than freedom, and identified immigration and labor activities as the major threats of American society. Finally, distinctive Americanism uses certain goods and practices, which have an air of “Americanness” around them, in order to gain an advantage in struggles for recognition. Although the above-mentioned terms like “Americanism” and “Americanness” are often mentioned by literary and cultural critics, the definite explanations of them remains an unsolved issue for debates. What is an American identity? The answers are multiple, but one reasonable answer comes from Samuel Huntington who in his recent book Who Are We defines American identity “in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, and most importantly religion.” (Huntington 38) In this book, he also analyzes the prospects for American identity in the following four aspects: 27 American International Journal of Social Science Vol. 2 No. 7; October 2013 “First, the dissolution of the Soviet Union eliminated one major and obvious threat to American security and hence reduced the salience of national identity compared to subnational, transnational, binational, and other-national identities. Second, the ideologies of multiculturalism and diversity eroded the legitimacy of the remaining central elements of American identity, the cultural core and the American Creed. Third, America’s third major wave of immigration that began in the 1960s brought to America people primarily from Latin America and Asia rather than Europe as the previous waves did. Fourth, never