ARIAN 1 Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας A SYNOPSIS OF "Arrian The Campaigns of Alexander The Great" (356 -323 BC) CONTENTS Autumn 336 - Winter 334 | Europe and Western Asia 4 THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGNS! 5 THEBES 9 THE BATTLE OF THE RIVER GRANICUS - Spring 334 BC 11 Leaving Cert Question 2000! 14 THE RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACIES | ALONG THE AEGEAN SEABOARD! 19 The Costal Campaigns! 19 Miletus! 19 Leaving Cert Question 1998 20 Halicarnassus! 20 The Gordian Knot! 22 2 3 AUTUMN 336 - WINTER 334 | EUROPE AND WESTERN ASIA Autumn 336 MACEDONIA Philip II is assassinated, Alexander becomes king. Spring 335 NORTHERN CAMPAIGNS Alexander puts down revolts of subject peoples. DANUBE Alexander crosses the river, defeats Getae. DANUBE Triballoi offer surrender; Celts send envoys. ILLYRIA Rebellious Taulantians and other Illyrians are subdued. GREECE Alexander destroys Thebes, receives submission of major Greek cities with the exception of Sparta. Spring 334 HELLESPONT Alexander leads his army into Asia and visits Troy. GRANICUS The Macedonian army defeats Persian forces led by western satraps. Summer 334 WESTERN ASIA Alexander takes control of Sardis and Ephesus. THE SIEGE OF MILETUS Alexander takes Miletus by siege and disbands most of his navy. HALICARNASSUS Halicarnassus is captured, except for its citadel. Autumn 334 CARIA-LYCIA A l e x a n d e r a r r a n g e s n e w administrators, sends for new recruits. Winter 334/3 LYCIA Cities of Lycia surrender to Alexander. 4 THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGNS On Alexander’s succession to the throne, he assembled all Greeks in Peloponnese and asked for the command of the campaign against Persia, which had been previously granted to his late father Philip of Macedonia. In Athens, there was disquiet, but resistance collapsed the m o m e n t A l e x a n d e r approached. In fact, on arrival in Athens, he was granted greater honours than his father Philip. In the spring of 335, he marched with his army towards Thrace, where the Triballi and Illyrians, w h o s e t w o p e o p l e s bordered Macedonia, were attempting to take advantage of what they saw as political instability in the wake of Philip’s death. Consequently, Alexander undertook to march to Mount Haemus in ten days where he intended to secure his b o r d e r s b e f o r e e m b a r k i n g o n h i s campaigns in Persia. 5 However, on the mountain he met a large opposing force of natives. The Thracians were well positioned and intended to use carts as a sort of defensive palisade. They hoped to send carts crashing down upon the Macedonian phalanx, as the men were climbing the steepest slope of the mountain. Alexander, who quickly realised that this could prove very dangerous to his army, came up with a plan that demonstrated his ingenuity. Considering that he would have to cross the ridge, he told his troops to break out of formation and go to either side. The others were to lie on the ground close together and lock shields. In this manner the carts could pass over them without causing any harm. The manoeuvre was very successful and there were no casualties. On witnessing this display of discipline and self belief, the Thracian troops flung down their weapons in a sauve-qui-peut action and fled down the mountain. According to Arrian, 1,500 were killed and only a few were captured. The remaining men, women and children fled to the “Pine Tree,” an island on the Danube. Alexander heard of the Triballians’ escape and set out to engage them. Retracing his steps, he found them pitching camp and attacked. The tribesmen were caught napping and were completely unprepared for the oncoming Macedonian onslaught of archers and slingers. The Thracians held their position as best they could, but could not hold off the Macedonian infantry which kept coming in close order. Instead of shooting the Thracians, the cavalry began to ride them down in a series of fierce assaults all over the battlefield. Arrian claims that 3,000 Thracians died in this battle. Of the Macedonians, he says that a mere eleven cavalry and forty infantry perished. Three days after the battle, Alexander reached the Danube, where he found warships awaiting him: they had come up and across the Black Sea from Byzantium. Alexander manned these ships with heavy infantry and sailed for the island to which Triballians and Thracians had fled for refuge. Fortunately for the Thracians and Triballians, he could not put ashore. Therefore, he withdrew his ships and sailed across the river to the Getea who lived on the other side. This was of course an enormous achievement for anyone and certainly left an impression on other tribes and leaders. On approach, they saw 4,000 cavalry and 10,000 on foot were awaiting his arrival (and were preparing to resist). Arrian points out that the sight of this opposition enticed Alexander all the more. He decided to cross with only 1,500 cavalry and 4,000 infantrymen. They crossed at night and concealed their landing. They held their spears parallel to the ground in order to flatten the fields as they marched forward. Frightened by the fact that Alexander had managed to cross the Danube in one night without a bridge, and now confronted with the force of his attack, they fled to their town. However, Alexander maintained his pursuit so that the Getea now fled their town taking with them as many children and women as possible. Alexander then cleared the town of all valuables and razed it to the ground. 6 On the Macedonian’s return to camp, they met the representatives of the Celtic tribes who all wished to maintain Alexander’s friendship. Alexander, fully aware now of his power, decided to seek further recognition. He asked the representatives what they were most afraid of wanting to hear “You, my lord,” however, the answer he got was perhaps not to his liking: They were afraid “that the sky might fall on their heads.” Alexander later found out that the Autariates were planning to attack him. He embarked immediately to meet this challenge. Langaros (king of Agrianes) respected Alexander greatly, and offered to keep the Autariates occupied, as they were not much of a war-like tribe. Langaros was successful and as a result earned Alexander’s favour. He then proceeded along the river Erigon on his way to Pelium, a town occupied by the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus, which was the most defensible town in the district. He halted at the river Eordaicus intending on attacking the following day. Owing to the position of the fortress, Cleitus’ troops were able to attack Macedonian forces from all sides. Cleitus, seeing Alexander’s approach, sacrificed three boys, three girls and two rams and moved to attack at close quarters. However, as the Macedonians looked like they were about to counter, Cleitus’ troops abandoned their defences. As the Macedonians approached, only the victims of sacrifice were left lying where they fell. At this point, Alexander sealed off the town with the troops still inside and made ready to attack – but the following day Glaucias (another Illyrian leader) appeared with a very large contingent of troops. Alexander decided to abandon his project of taking over the town. The Macedonian force was considerably smaller than Glaucias’. Glaucias then seized the high ground. Alexander marched with a force consisting of the Agrianes, the Archers, the Guards, and a squadron of cavalry 400 men strong. Glaucias retreated on Alexander’s approach. It still seemed however, that Glaucias and Cleitus had caught Alexander in an awkward position. Their commanding position on the heights was strong, with both mounted troops and other detachments armed with javelins and heavy infantry. When Alexander withdrew, those confined within the town were all ready to attack. The country, through which the Macedonians would have to withdraw, was very narrow. The river to one side and the arduous foothills to the other meant that Alexander’s men could not even pass four abreast. Alexander therefore decided to draw up the main infantry in mass formation at 120 deep, posting on either wing 300 cavalrymen with instructions to make no noise and to obey orders smartly. He then ordered the heavy infantry to erect their spears, and at the word of command, swing them from right to left. The whole phalanx then moved smartly forward whilst swinging their spears causing it to execute various intricate movements. Alexander then ordered his left to form a wedge and advance to the attack. The enemy, shaken by the discipline of his troops abandoned their positions on the lower slopes. At that moment, Alexander ordered his men to clash their spears against their shields and release a war cry, thus frightening the Taulantians (dominant Illyrian tribe) who quickly abandoned the town. A 7 small party of enemy troops was still in possession of a hill by which Alexander would have to pass. He therefore ordered the Companions and the men of his personal guard to prepare for action and ride to the attack. Their orders were that if the enemy who had occupied the hill should still hold ground, half should dismount and fight on foot in close support with the mounted troops. The hill, however was not held, the enemy went off at a tangent towards the mountains. Alexander then ordered the Agrianes and archers (a force of about 2,000 men) together with the Guards, to cross the river along with the other Macedonian units.