NEWCOMEN MEMORIALS IN DARTMOUTH (1851-1991) by Ivor.H.Smart. C.Eng.,M.R.Ae.S.,M.I.E.E. Introduction: Robert Cranford and the Dartmouth Chronicle. Robert Cranford was the founding editor of the Dartmouth Chronicle which was first published in June 1851. _He was born in 1830 in Dartmouth, the son of a printer. Robert Cranford was a lifelong Liberal. His newspaper is a truly fine chronicle of events and people who featured in the history of 19th century Dartmouth. The paper was first published in 1855 after the newspaper stamp was withdrawn. About 1860 the Chronicle absorbed its rival the "Dartmouth Observer". published by Valentine Butteris. In 1871 he began weekly publication which continues to the present day. Cranford continued to be active in the management of the paper until his death in 1901. It is to Robert Cranford and his newspaper that we are indebted for much of our information on Thomas Newcomen. 1851. The first attempt at a memorial. The first we know of this attempt to perpetuate the memory of Thomas Newcomen in his birthplace is in the Dartmouth Chronicle for 1864 when a short item appeared in the April issue of the Chronicle It read as follows, "A proposal was made in 1851. by our townsman, Mr.T Lidstone, to erect a monument in St. Saviours Church,to the memory of one to whom posterity is so largely indebted and an appeal was published solicting funds for the purpose. With the exception of a few local subscriptions promised, the only reply to the appeal was from His late Highness.Prince Albert, who readily endorsed the proposal. Not meeting with sufficient encouragement, the design was abandoned." A copy of the appeal entitled "A proposal to erect a monument to the memory of Newcomin,the inventor of the steam engine in Dartmouth Church.1851." has survived and is in the Society' s archives. It was first published in Butteris's Dartmouth Annual Directory.1851 issue, and probably Cranford's advertising sheet. The article continues by pointing out that the last of the Newcomins to live in Dartmouth was "an attorney-at-law, who died in the early part of this century {19th) and is buried in St.Saviours Church." This would be the William Newcomin after whom the Town Council believed they were naming the recently built street, now Newcomen Road, in honour of the inventor of the atmospheric steam engine. Other William Newcomin deaths are recorded in the Kingsbridge Baptist Register in 1756 and 1791. Note that Cranford, Butteris and Thomas Lidstone all used the spelling of 'Newcomin' for the name of the family. 1864-7. The Newcomen Road. In the same year, viz 1864, the Dartmouth Town Council began the street improvement scheme known as 'Bell's Plan’ (for details see other papers by the author). This was a scheme to improve north-south communication in central Dartmouth and as the new street crossed the site of Thomas Newcomen's house and workshop, which were demolished at this time, it was agreed that the name of the new street should perpetuate the name of Thomas Newcomen. At the meeting of the Local Board of Health (the Town Council acting as the sanitary authority) on 6th March 1867 it was minuted that the new street be named the "Newcomin Road in commemoration of William Newcomin", The name of the road was altered to the conventional spelling in the 1890's when street nameplates were introduced into Dartmouth for the first time. The confusion in the minds of the council members was caused through the descendants of Thomas Newcomin having died or left Dartmouth by 1786, when the inventor's daughter-in-law and her daughter left ,Dartmouth for Plymouth and the ironmongers shop in Lower Street was closed down. In the foregoing the spelling of Newcomen as 'Newcomin' has been adopted in order to incorporate the spelling as used by Robert Cranford. 1868 Newcomin Cottage. In 1864-65 the firm of Thomas Lidstone & Son were engaged along with other Dartmouth builders in the demolition of houses that stood along the line of the new street being built in central Dartmouth. At this time Thomas Lidstone conceived the idea of constructing a house containing items taken from the house occupied by Thomas Newcomen the inventor in his lifetime. To this end he dismantled the woodwork of the ornamental frontage of a house in Lower Street. The house he selected had in the 17th century been occupied not by Newcomen, but by the a member of the Staplehill family and later by the descendants of Granvil Smith. Was this an error on the part of Lids tone or was he misled by the drawing by R.P.Leitch of houses in Lower Street and a photograph taken at the same place about 1860? What evidence we have demonstrates that Lidstone a) did not know which was Newcomen's house, but b) did know which house had contained Newcomen's workshop. The evidence is_contained in a pamphlet produced by Lidstone and printed for him by the Chiswick Press in 1869, entitlted "Some account of the Residence of the Inventor of the Steam engine." Lidstone says of the house "The house in which Mr Newcomin lived when he invented the steam engine, was situate in Lower Street...... It was sold and taken down by order of the local Board of Health when Mr Thomas Lidstone of that place, purchased the ancient carved and moulded woodwork of its Street Frontage &c, which he rebuilt in Ridge Hill in Dartmouth, carefully replacing in the Sitting-room the Clavel(Lintel.Devonian) of the Fireplace at which Newcomen ..,.sat." In notes appended to the text Lidstone confirms that the house was demolished in November 1864 and Newcomin Cottage built in 1868. (The exact date, according to Cranford, was between February and June 1.868) Lidstone also comments in a note that Newcomin Cottage contains, "wood and plaster work from other houses and buildings also;saved during the last quarter century in Dartmouth and its neighbourhood." In a further note Lidstone states, "The plasterwork over the chimneypiece (containing my wifes and my own initials) was taken from an old house in Dartmouth; not Newcomin’s." This is the panel in the sitting room. Apart from clearing up the mystery of the initials in this panel,the foregoing show the scrupulous regard for historic accuracy possessed by Thomas Lidstone. Regrettably he had the wrong house. However, included in the pamphlet was a block plan of Dartmouth drawn by Thomas Lidstone and based on a street map of Dartmouth made by his father, Joseph Lidstone in 1833 and updated, about 1860, for the Local Board of Health. Examinationtof the plan shows major differences between the Lidstone plan and the town map. Lidstone made an error of approx. 40 ft in the relevant area of his plan. Consequently, he places Newcomen's house on the site of the workshop. 40ft to the North stood the 17th century house of Gilbert Staplehill. Correcting Lidstone's plan would place Newcomen's house, as Lidstone believed it to be, on the site of the Staplehill house. In this manner Lidstone took material from the wrong house and incorporated it into Newcomin Cottage. There is no indication that Lidstone was aware that Newcomen lived in the next house to the north of the workshop and which had a jettied frontage in Higher Street together with a simple vertical 'split' frontage in Lower Street. If Thomas Lidstone took down a carved frontage in Lower Street north of the Guildhall it must be that of the Staplehill House. The ex-Beavis house, containing the workshop of Thomas Newcomen', had a slate-hung frontage whilst the Custom House Inn, north of the Staplehill House, was not demolished until mid-1865. The Guildhall (south of the workshop) was too well-known to have been mistaken for any other building. Therefore,Lidstone was in error when he said that he took down the front of Newcomen's house Lower Street and built the parts into Newcomin Cottage. It follows that the Cottage has no connection with Thomas Newcomen and should correctly be termed Staplehill Cottage. In 1984 it was advertised as being the house in which Newcomen lived; i.e. the house was extant in 1729 or earlier. This claim was retracted on representations by the author to the house agents. 1873. The Mystery Attempt. We do not know much about the attempt by Thomas Lidstone in 1873 to promote at memorial to Thomas Newcomen. The Newcomen Society has in its possession a copy of a pamphlet entitled "What is known of Newcomen, Inventor of thet steam engine". A paper read before the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain & Ireland at Exeter 1873. Enlarged with authorities & Notes." A digest of this paper was printed in the Chronicle for August.1873, but it does not add to the sum of our knowledge. Fig.l Newcomin Cottage, Ridge Hill, -Dartmouth an engraving from a sketch by Thos. Lidstone A.D.1868 Fig.2 Drawings of ceiling plasterwork now in Newcomin Cottage, that were saved from houses in Lower Street, Dartmouth Cranford reported in the August issue of the Chronicle _that the paper was read to the Royal Archaeological Society. However, checks by the author have discovered that no such society existed in 1873, and there is no trace of a paper by Lidstone in the proceedings of the Royal Archeaological Institute for the years 1873 and 1874. At the time of writing nothing more is known about this paper.