THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS CONFERENCE 2015 Held at Bournemouth University July 8-9, 2015 Conference Chair: Professor Tom Watson Deputy Chair: Dr Tasos Theofilou Proceedings edited by Professor Tom Watson PROCEEDINGS INDEX Author(s) Title Richard Bailey ‘Smoking and Health’ 1962: The Royal College of Physicians and the start of the campaign against smoking [Abstract] Tor Bang Targeting crowds: Norwegian labor movement’s shift from logos to pathos in its 1930s propaganda Dalien René Benecke & Chris Skinner Illustrating public relations dissent and activism in a changing South African society: The Rotary International case study Günter Bentele 100 Years ago: Official State public relations and propaganda of Germany in World War I [Abstract] Thomas H. Bivins Drawn and Quartered: Women’s Suffrage Cartoons as Early Public Relations [Abstract] Clea Bourne Public relations and development campaigns: Postcolonial insurance relations at the global-local nexus [Abstract] Øystein Pedersen Dahlen Using narratives, discourses and paradigms to analyse the history of public relations Alina Dolea & Raluca Moise 25 years of PR in the Romanian book sector: a short history of institutionalization and professionalization Edward J. Downes The History of Capitol Hill’s Press Secretaries: Helping Members of the U.S. Congress “Look Good” for Almost 50 Years [Abstract] Neeltje Du Plessis Theory building in public relations/communication management in South Africa: Development of the Pretoria School of Thought [Abstract] Terence Flynn, Paulo Nassar & Mateus Electrifying Public Relations: How a Canadian Company Created Furlanetto Brazil’s First Corporate Public Relations Department [Abstract] Vincent Hazleton & Melissa Dodd A history of the feminization of public relations in the United States: Stalking the truth [Abstract] J. Suzanne Horsley The History of Disaster Communication: The Untold Story Jane Johnston Developing a public interest theory for public relations: Origins and directions [Abstract] Patrick Karle Sidney Rittenberg and the History of Public Relations between Modern China and the West: 1945-to-Present Kiranjit Kaur A Historical Analysis of Public Relations Education and Its Impact on the Professionalization of the Industry: Malaysian Annals [Abstract] Pauline Keaveney Lobbying Politicians – new tricks or an old trade? [Abstract] Rachel Kovacs From Nation Building to Crisis Calming: The BBC’s Public Relations Tug of War [Abstract] Jacquie L’Etang ‘It’s always been a sexless trade’; ‘There’s very little velvet curtain’: gender and public relations in post-Second World War Britain [Abstract] Jacquie L’Etang ‘Who’s afraid of Rollo Swaveley, Webster Dabble and Rusty Conway?’ The Society for the Discouragement of Public Relations – British eccentricity, irony and media critiques [Abstract] Nneka Logan Pioneering Business-to-Business Public Relations in the U.S.: The Rhetorical Strategies of the Norfolk & Western Railway Brendan Maartens The Great War, Military Recruitment and Public Relations: The Case of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, 1914-15 [Abstract] Clila Magen & Ephraim Lapid Facing Peace and War: Israel’s Government Press Office, 1948- 2014 Virginia McKendry Princess Charlotte’s Public Tears: A Regency Period Case Study in Proto-public Relations David McKie & Jordi Xifra “All stories are true; some stories actually happened”: Fact- finding versus storyselling, history, and PR history [Abstract] João Moreira dos Santos Roots of Public Relations in Portugal: Changing an Old Paradigm Cayce Myers Reconsidering Early U.S. Public Relations Institutions: An Analysis of Publicity and Information Bureaus 1891-1918 B. Pinar Özdemir Building a “modern” and “western” image: Miss Turkey beauty contests from 1929 to 1950 Natalia Rodriguez-Salcedo & Tom Public relations in dictatorships – Southern and Eastern European Watson perspectives from 1945 to 1975 [Abstract] Karen Miller Russell & Margot Opdycke Theorizing Public Relations History: Strategic Intent as a Lamme Defining Characteristic Swaran Sandhu Towards an institutional history of PR? Five years of IHPR scholarship: categorizations and mental models of PR History [Abstract] Halise Karaaslan Şanlı Public Relations Activities During the Nation-Building Process in Turkey Zeny Sarabia-Panol & Marianne Sison Contemporary Public Relations Education in the Philippines: Its Origins, Influences and Challenges Philomen Schönhagen & Mike Meissner Co-evolution of public relations and journalism: The beginnings of PR in the 19th century in German-speaking countries Deniz Sezgin & Didem Hekimoğlu Public Relations for Health Socialization: A Historical View of Tunceli Health Campaigns in Turkey Astrid Spatzier 1964 – 2014: 50 Years PR-Agencies in Austria. Analysing the Development of the Agency Scene and Diverging Relationships with Neighbouring Disciplines Astrid Spatzier One Woman – Two Sides of One Coin? – Journalism and Public Relations: the Case of Bertha von Suttner, Austria Gareth Thompson The Next of Kin: A historical case study on the use of feature film in World War II propaganda Stefan Wehmeier Public Relations – a maturing discipline? Results from a citation analysis (1998 to 2014) [Abstract] Mary Welch Historical analysis of the International Public Relations Association education Gold Papers 1976-1997 [Abstract] Z. Yaakov Wise European Judaism, Freud, Bernays and the birth of Public Relations [Abstract] Donald K. Wright Growth and Development of Public Relations Codes of Ethics in English Speaking Countries: A Historical Analysis [Abstract] Melike Aktaş Yamanoğlu Public Relations Activities of National Economy and Saving Society during 1930s in Turkey [Abstract] ABSTRACT ‘Smoking and Health’ 1962 The Royal College of Physicians and the start of the campaign against smoking Richard Bailey FCIPR MPRCA Public relations educator University of the West of England; Leeds Beckett University [email protected] The report ‘Smoking and Health’ was published by the Royal College of Physicians in 1962. It marked the start of a campaign that continues more than fifty years later. The figures presented in the 1962 report are striking. ‘During adult life nearly 75% of men and 50% of women become regular smokers’ with men smoking an average of 19 and women an average of 11 cigarettes a day (Royal College of Physicians 1962: 4). Though written in measured scientific language, the report made clear the connection between smoking and lung cancer: ‘The most reasonable conclusions from all the evidence on the association between smoking and disease are: that cigarette smoking is the most likely cause of the recent world-wide increase in deaths from lung cancer.’ (Royal College of Physicians 1962: 43) This report had been commissioned in 1959 as an investigation into ‘Smoking and Atmospheric Pollution’. The remit of the study was: ‘To report on the question of smoking and atmospheric pollution in relation to carcinoma of the lung and other illnesses.’ (Royal College of Physicians 1962: 1) To provide some context, there had been many fatalities from smog (atmospheric pollution) in the 1950s. 4,000 people are known to have died during an episode in December 1952 (MetOffice), hence the equivalence given to this concern and to smoking when the report was commissioned. Where does public health become public relations? On 7 March 1962 the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) held its first ever press conference to launch the report (Thompson, R 2012: vii). The then RCP president Sir Richard Thompson assessed its impact 50 years later: ‘This brave report, with policy recommendations based on the research of Sir Richard Doll and Sir Austin Bradford Hill, caused a media storm and an ambivalent, even hostile response from some quarters of government, media and society. It also began five decades of action on tobacco control at the RCP.’ (Thompson, R 2012: vii) This further report by the Royal College of Physicians published in 2012 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Smoking and Health noted that: ‘Only 21% of the population [now] smokes. Government, media and society have largely accepted the need to protect people, particularly children, from much of the harm associated with tobacco smoke.’ (Thompson, R 2012: vii) At an awareness-raising level and in terms of attitude-change this has been a successful long- term campaign. Much has been achieved in terms of behaviour change, though the campaign continues with the aim of reducing the numbers smoking still further. This paper is based on archive research at the Royal College of Physicians into the planned launch of Smoking and Health in April 1962. It also illuminates a moment in institutional history and involves a detour into architectural history. The Royal College of Physicians, founded in 1518, has had several homes in London in the past five centuries. Many of them could be characterised as gentlemen’s clubs and one shared a Pall Mall East building with a club (Moore 2014). Under the leadership of Professor Sir Robert Platt (president of the Royal College of Physicians 1957-1961), the college commissioned a new building and also moved metaphorically to position itself to lead a public debate around health issues such as smoking. As well as initiating Smoking and Health, Platt commissioned the RCP’s new building in Regent’s Park, a strikingly modern building designed by Denys Lasdun (who was later responsible for the National Theatre). Architectural critic Rowan Moore writes: ‘For Platt, the new building should enable the