A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 102: 1–341 (2018) The medicinal plants of Myanmar 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380 MONOGRAPH http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The medicinal plants of Myanmar Robert A. DeFilipps1, Gary A. Krupnick2 1 Deceased 2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC-166, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA Corresponding author: Gary A. Krupnick ([email protected]) Academic editor: H. De Boer | Received 9 February 2018 | Accepted 31 May 2018 | Published 28 June 2018 Citation: DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA (2018) The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 102: 1–341. https://doi. org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380 Abstract A comprehensive compilation is provided of the medicinal plants of the Southeast Asian country of Myanmar (formerly Burma). This contribution, containing 123 families, 367 genera, and 472 species, was compiled from earlier treatments, monographs, books, and pamphlets, with some medicinal uses and preparations translated from Burmese to English. The entry for each species includes the Latin binomial, author(s), common Myanmar and English names, range, medicinal uses and preparations, and additional notes. Of the 472 species, 63 or 13% of them have been assessed for conservation status and are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017). Two species are listed as Extinct in the Wild, four as Threatened (two Endangered, two Vulnerable), two as Near Threatened, 48 Least Concerned, and seven Data Deficient. Botanic gardens worldwide hold 444 species (94%) within their living collections, while 28 species (6%) are not found any botanic garden. Preserving the traditional knowledge of Myan- mar healers contributes to Target 13 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Keywords Myanmar, medicinal plants, traditional knowledge, ethnobotany, checklist, conservation Copyright Robert A. DeFilipps, Gary A. Krupnick. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Robert A. DeFilipps & Gary A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1–341 (2018) Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 History of published accounts of Myanmar medicinal plants ........................... 13 History and knowledge of the Myanmar flora .................................................. 15 The geology, climate, and vegetation types of Myanmar ................................... 16 Bringing Burmese text to an English reading audience ..................................... 16 Conservation and sustainability of medicinal plant species ............................... 17 References cited in Introduction ....................................................................... 19 Ferns ...................................................................................................................... 21 Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken Fern family) ........................................................... 21 1. Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. ........................................................................ 21 Equisetaceae (Horsetail family) ........................................................................ 21 1. Equisetum L. .......................................................................................... 21 Gleicheniaceae (Forking Fern family) ............................................................... 22 1. Dicranopteris Bernh. ............................................................................... 22 Gymnosperms ........................................................................................................ 22 Cupressaceae (Cypress family) .......................................................................... 22 1. Cupressus L. ............................................................................................ 22 Cycadaceae (Cycad family) ............................................................................... 23 1. Cycas L. .................................................................................................. 23 Taxaceae (Yew family) ...................................................................................... 23 1. Taxus L. ................................................................................................. 23 Angiosperms........................................................................................................... 24 Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) ......................................................................... 24 1. Acanthus L. ............................................................................................ 24 2. Andrographis Wall. ex Nees ..................................................................... 24 3. Avicennia L. ........................................................................................... 25 4. Barleria L. .............................................................................................. 25 5. Hygrophila R.Br. ..................................................................................... 26 6. Justicia L. ............................................................................................... 27 7. Peristrophe Nees ...................................................................................... 28 8. Strobilanthes Blume ................................................................................ 28 9. Thunbergia Retz. .................................................................................... 28 Achariaceae (Acharia family) ............................................................................ 29 1. Hydnocarpus Gaertn. .............................................................................. 29 Acoraceae (Sweet-Flag family) .......................................................................... 30 1. Acorus L. ................................................................................................ 30 Adoxaceae (Moschatel family) .......................................................................... 30 1. Sambucus L. ........................................................................................... 30 Altingiaceae (Sweet-gum family) ...................................................................... 31 1. Altingia Noronha ................................................................................... 31 Amaranthaceae (Cockscomb family) ................................................................ 31 1. Achyranthes L. ........................................................................................ 31 The medicinal plants of Myanmar 3 2. Aerva Forssk. .......................................................................................... 32 3. Alternanthera Forssk. .............................................................................. 32 4. Amaranthus L. ........................................................................................ 33 5. Celosia L. ............................................................................................... 34 6. Chenopodium L. ..................................................................................... 34 7. Dysphania R.Br. ..................................................................................... 35 Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis family) .................................................................... 35 1. Allium L. ................................................................................................ 35 2. Crinum L. .............................................................................................. 37 Anacardiaceae (Cashew family) ........................................................................ 38 1. Anacardium L. ........................................................................................ 38 2. Buchanania Spreng. ................................................................................ 39 3. Lannea A.Rich. ...................................................................................... 39 4. Mangifera L. ........................................................................................... 40 5. Rhus L. ................................................................................................... 40 6. Semecarpus L.f. ....................................................................................... 41 7. Spondias L. ............................................................................................. 41 Annonaceae (Soursop family) ........................................................................... 42 1. Annona L. .............................................................................................. 42 2. Artabotrys R.Br. ...................................................................................... 43 3. Cananga (DC.) Hook.F. & Thomson ..................................................... 43 4. Polyalthia Blume .................................................................................... 44 Apiaceae (Carrot family) .................................................................................. 44 1. Anethum L. ............................................................................................ 44 2. Apium L. ...............................................................................................