CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The horticulture industry in Kenya plays an important role in food security, employment creation, and poverty alleviation (Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit [ASCU], 2011). The sector contributes enormously to food security and household incomes to a majority of Kenyan producers who carry out one form of horticultural production or another and it employs over six million Kenyans both directly and indirectly thus improving on their livelihoods (Ministry of agriculture, 2010a). However the potential for horticultural production in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya has not been fully utilized to be of help to the communities living in those regions (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010b). This is because farming in Kenya is mainly rain fed and the arid and semi arid regions lack of sufficient rainfall to support sustainable rain fed farming (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010b). Generally the arid and semi arid regions of the world are vulnerable to frequent and often severe droughts due to unreliable and erratic rainfall that these regions receive leading to massive crop failures and therefore lack of food security (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [ICARDA], 2013). These regions are some of the world's poorest regions facing severe challenges to sustainable development with the biggest challenges being lack of food security, water scarcity, land degradation, and climate change (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [ICARDA], 2009). The situation is further complicated by climate change which is causing rainfall variability making it an urgent agenda globally to develop strategies for sustainable crop production in the arid and semi regions (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2011). Majority of occupants in the arid and semi arid regions are low income smallholder farmers whose livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on agriculture but lack resources to invest in meaningful agricultural activity (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2013). Also more than 70 percent of the lands that these communities depend on for agricultural production suffer from soil and terrain constraints which impair farming activities (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2011). Therefore for agriculture to be able to address the challenges of food security and poverty in these dry lands, strategies must be put in place which will address the high poverty levels among the small farmers, the environmental degradation which is already 1 being experienced in these regions and climate change which is worsening the farming conditions (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [ICARDA], 2013). This means that current farming practices being used by farmers in the dry regions will have to be revised not only to address crisis in food security being experienced in the regions but also to address fundamental questions of relationships among production, social, environment and economic situations facing farmers in the dry regions all over the world (International assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development [IAASTD], 2009). To address challenges to farming in dry lands of the world the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), which is the global agricultural research center working with countries in the world’s dry areas, together with its partners have for more than three decades been developing a range of improved technologies for sustainable farming suited to small scale farmers in environments with scarce water and highly variable climates (ICARDA, 2010). According to ICARDA these practices are tailored to local conditions to address hunger and poverty in order to improve rural livelihoods and facilitate equitable, environmentally, socially and economically sustainable development in the dry land regions. Sustainable farming approaches have emerged a priority for world leaders towards achieving sustainable development (FAO, 2011). Agricultural sustainability centers on the need to develop agricultural technologies and practices that are accessible to and effective for farmers, and that lead to both improvements in food productivity and positive side effects on environmental goods and services ( National Research Council of the National Academies, USA, 2010). Sustainability is emphasized to be a necessary basis for efforts aimed at building lasting prosperity and the adoption of sustainable farming practices is one of the targets of the new global development agenda for the period beyond 2015 which is currently being shaped (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2013). It is for this reason that a major study of the future of food and farming up to 2050 has called for substantial changes throughout the world’s food system to make it more sustainable so that it can simultaneously raise yields, increase efficiency in the use of inputs and reduce the negative environmental effects of food production (FAO, 2011). According to FAO the study recommends the adoption of sustainable crop production practices which use the ecosystem approach where inputs, such as land, water, seed and fertilizer are used to complement the natural processes that support plant growth, including pollination, natural predation for pest control, and the action of 2 soil biota. Sustainable farming practices have been found to simultaneously raise yields, increase efficiency in the use of inputs and reduce the negative environmental effects of food production (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], 2012). Around the world sustainable farming practices have been found to offer small farmers and their families multiple benefits by enhancing their productivity, reducing production costs, building resilience to stress and strengthening their capacity to manage risk (SARE, 2004; CARDA, 2010; ICARDA, 2013;FAO, 2011 (Babu and Blom, 2014). The principles and management practices used to achieve agricultural sustainability will be discussed in detail in chapter two. Many dry lands in the world’s low-income countries situated primarily in Central Asia, West Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, parts of sub-Saharan Africa and in Latin America have developed and successfully implemented different sustainable farming strategies to suit the regions conditions (ICARDA, 2010). However, according to ICARDA, African countries are lugging behind in adopting these farming strategies but it has been established that such countries could make much progress toward poverty reduction and food and nutrition security by targeting policies and investment strategies towards sustainable crop production practices as it has been the case in a number of countries that have adopted these practices. In Kenya for example where agriculture is a major contributor to the economy and to the livelihoods for a majority of the country’s population adoption of sustainable farming practices has been low with the adoption activity being spearheaded by non government institutions (FAO, 2009). The country’s potential to increase agricultural productivity is largely unexploited partly due to high agricultural production costs and unsustainable farming practices especially in the arid and semi arid regions of the country (Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit [ASCU], 2011). For example in the horticulture subsector of the country, an important sector in contributing to food security and poverty reduction in the country, farming practices are capital intensive and mainly rain fed making them unsustainable for the poor communities in the arid and semi-arid regions of the country (Ministry of agriculture, 2010a). Misewani, is one of the semi-arid regions in the eastern part of Kenya (see Figure 1.1) that suffers from frequent droughts and famines due to unsustainable farming practices for the climatic conditions that the region experiences making the local community a frequent candidate for food and nonfood aid distributions (Kenya Food 3 Security Steering Group, 2011). Figure 1.1 is a map of Kenya showing former Kitui district where Misewani is found. Figure 1.1: A map of Kenya showing former Kitui district where Misewani is found This study, motivated by the fact that horticulture farming in Kenya is a major source of food security, incomes, and better livelihoods for communities that participate in horticulture farming (Ministry of agriculture, 2010a); and the fact that there have been sustainable farming strategies that have been developed for dry lands (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [ICARDA], 2013), was designed with the objective to establish strategies for sustainable horticulture farming in Misewani so as to help people in the region address frequent droughts and famines that they experience. The study used the strategic study tool of environmental scanning to carry out the research process which involved gathering information on the nature and scope of sustainable farming practices, horticultural farming practices in Kenya and the current farming practices in Misewani. To define the study problem clearly a literature review was done. This involved studying the global environment of sustainable farming to understand the scope and nature of sustainable farming globally. Then a review of the horticultural practices in Kenya as whole was done to understand the wider horticultural environment within which horticulture farming in Misewani operates. Finally a review of current