PROPERTY OWNERSHIP OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS IN THE PROVINCE OF MADAGASCAR by Hasiniaina RAKOTOARISOA Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Canon Law Faculty of Canon Law Saint Paul University Ottawa, Ontario 2019 © RAKOTOARISOA Hasiniaina Eugène Hervé, Ottawa, 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... 6 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 7 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 8 CHAPTER ONE: THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AND LAND OWNERSHIP IN MADAGASCAR: AN OVERVIEW Introduction ........................................................................................................... 14 1.1 – Christianity in Madagascar in the Early Nineteenth Century .......................... 15 1.1.1 – Foreign Settlement and Missionaries ............................................... 16 1.1.2 – Protestant and Catholic Missions and their Relationship to the Local Government ..................................................................... 18 1.2 – The Development of the Catholic Mission in Madagascar.............................. 22 1.2.1 – Settlement in the Capital City.......................................................... 22 1.2.1.1 – The Arrival of Missionaries .............................................. 23 1.2.1.2 – The Battle for Properties ................................................... 27 1.2.2 – Catholic Settlements in the Surrounding Towns and Provinces.................................................................................. 36 1.2.2.1 – Settlement around the Capital ........................................... 37 1.2.2.2 – Catholic Settlements in the Provinces ............................... 39 1.2.3 – Development of the Catholic Church in the Capital City in the Nineteenth Century ......................................................................... 44 1.3 – The Society of Jesus in Madagascar ............................................................... 50 1.3.1 – The Foundation of the Society of Jesus ........................................... 50 1.3.2 – The Settlement of the Society of Jesus in Madagascar ..................... 52 1.3.3 – The Jesuits’ Relationship with the Local Authority ......................... 55 1.3.3.1 – During the Period of the Monarchy (1810-1896) ............... 55 1.3.3.2 – During the Colonial Period (1896-1960) ........................... 57 1.3.3.3 – After Regaining Independence in 1960 ............................. 61 1.4 – Land Ownership in Madagascar..................................................................... 62 1.4.1 – The Slaves and Their Struggles ....................................................... 63 1.4.2 – The Free People and their Ascendency ............................................ 64 1.4.3 – The Nobles and their Domination .................................................... 65 1.4.4 – The Missionaries and their Expansion ............................................. 66 Conclusion… ......................................................................................................... 67 2 CHAPTER TWO: THE UNIVERSAL LAW RELATING TO THE ACQUISITION, ADMINISTRATION, AND ALIENATION OF TEMPORAL GOODS IN RELIGIOUS INSTITUTES Introduction… ....................................................................................................... 70 2.1 – Some Particular Terms .................................................................................. 73 2.2 – Universal Law on Acquisition of Goods ........................................................ 77 2.2.1 – The Right to Acquire Goods ........................................................... 77 2.2.2 – Sources of Income .......................................................................... 79 2.3 – Universal Law on Administration of Goods ................................................... 88 2.3.1 – Canon Law on Administration of Goods ......................................... 89 2.3.1.1 – Acts of Ordinary Administration ....................................... 89 2.3.1.2 – Acts of Major Importance ................................................. 91 2.3.1.3 – Acts of Extraordinary Administration ............................... 91 2.3.2 – The Authorities involved in the Proper Administration of Goods of Religious Institutes ..................................................................... 94 2.3.2.1 – The Roman Pontiff ........................................................... 94 2.3.2.2 – The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life .............................................................. 95 2.3.2.3 – The General Chapter ......................................................... 96 2.3.2.4 – Superiors and Council....................................................... 97 2.3.2.5 – Provincial Chapter and Provincial Superior ....................... 98 2.3.2.6 – Council for Economic Affairs ........................................... 98 2.3.2.7 – The Treasurer ................................................................... 99 2.3.2.8 – External Controllers .......................................................... 100 2.3.3.9 – Internal Controllers ........................................................... 101 2.3.3 – The Responsibilities of Administrators in Religious Institutes ......... 101 2.3.3.1 – Long-term Planning .......................................................... 101 2.3.3.2 – Verifying the Sustainability of Apostolic Works ............... 103 2.3.3.3 – Accountability (with transparency and trust) ..................... 103 2.3.3.4 – Maintenance of Records ................................................... 105 2.3.3.5 – Observance of Civil Law .................................................. 106 2.4 – Universal Law on Alienation of Goods .......................................................... 107 2.4.1 – Alienation ....................................................................................... 107 2.4.2 – Requirements of Alienation............................................................. 109 2.4.3 – Special Requirements for Religious Institutes.................................. 112 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 113 3 CHAPTER THREE: FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION WITHIN THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AS AN EXPRESSION OF JESUIT POVERTY Introduction… ....................................................................................................... 116 3.1 – The Society of Jesus and the Evangelical Counsel of Poverty ........................ 118 3.1.1 – Embracing of the Vow of Poverty in the Society of Jesus ................ 118 3.1.2 – Introduction of Evangelical Poverty in the Constitutions ................. 120 3.1.3 – Poverty in the Society of Jesus after the Second Vatican Council… 122 3.1.4 – Circular letter of Father Peter-Hans Kolvenbach on Poverty ............ 123 3.2 – Acquisition and Administration of Temporal Goods in the Society of Jesus ... 125 3.2.1 – The Proper Law of the Society of Jesus on the Acquisition of Goods ...................................................................... 126 3.2.1.1 – The Right to Acquire Temporal Goods ............................. 126 3.2.1.2 – Goods Acquired by Individual Income .............................. 128 3.2.1.3 – Goods Received by Productive Activities ......................... 128 3.2.1.4 – Goods Received by Donation............................................ 129 3.2.1.5 – Goods Obtained by Purchase ............................................ 130 3.2.2 – Proper Law of the Society of Jesus on the Administration of Goods ................................................................. 131 3.2.2.1 – Investments in Fixed Assets and Securities ....................... 132 3.2.2.2 – Loans Within and Outside the Society and Rental of Property ...................................................................................... 133 3.3 – Alienation of Goods in the Society of Jesus ................................................... 135 3.3.1 – Juridical Regulations ....................................................................... 136 3.3.2 – Sales and Rental .............................................................................. 140 3.3.3 – Donations ........................................................................................ 141 3.4 – Financial Administration in the Society of Jesus at Various Levels ................ 142 3.4.1 – Financial Administration at the Community Level .......................... 142 3.4.1.1 – Those Responsible for Financial Matters in a Local Community ......................................................................... 144 3.4.1.1.1 – The Local Superior ............................................ 144 3.4.1.1.2 – The Financial Officer or Treasurer ..................... 146 3.4.1.1.3 – The Minister and Sub-Minister ........................... 148 3.4.2 – Financial Management of the Works of the Society and their Canonical Connection to the Community ................................ 149 3.4.2.1 – Works Owned by the Society ............................................ 150 3.4.2.2 – Works Entrusted to the Society through the Community ... 152 3.4.3 – Financial Administration at the Province Level ............................... 153