Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Developing and validating a questionnaire using mixed methods research Caglar Yildirim Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons, and the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons Recommended Citation Yildirim, Caglar, "Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Developing and validating a questionnaire using mixed methods research" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14005. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14005 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Developing and validating a questionnaire using mixed methods research by Caglar Yildirim A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Human Computer Interaction Program of Study Committee: Ana-Paula Correia, Major Professor Stephen Gilbert Mack Shelley Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Caglar Yildirim, 2014. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my mom, my dad and my brother… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study .....................................................................................................2 Research Questions.......................................................................................................3 Assumptions .................................................................................................................3 Significance of the Study ..............................................................................................3 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................4 Thesis Outline ..............................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE......................................................6 Nomophobia .................................................................................................................6 Defining Nomophobia ..........................................................................................6 Previous studies on Nomophobia .........................................................................9 Dependence, Addiction, and Nomophobia.......................................................... 11 Measures of Problematic Mobile Phone Use ............................................................... 12 Summary .................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 25 Research Design ......................................................................................................... 25 Phase One: Qualitative................................................................................................ 27 Participants ........................................................................................................ 27 Procedures ......................................................................................................... 28 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 29 Trustworthiness .................................................................................................. 30 My Role as a Researcher .................................................................................... 31 Interim Phase: Questionnaire Development ................................................................ 32 Step 1: Determine Clearly What It Is You Want to Measure ............................... 32 Step 2: Generate an Item Pool ............................................................................ 32 Step 3: Determine the Format for Measurement ................................................. 33 Step 4: Have the Initial Item Pool Reviewed by Experts ..................................... 33 Step 5: Consider Inclusion of Validation Items ................................................... 34 Pilot Study ......................................................................................................... 34 Phase Two: Quantitative ............................................................................................. 35 Sample ............................................................................................................... 35 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 37 Questionnaire Structure ...................................................................................... 37 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 38 iv Summary .................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS OF PHASE ONE: QUALITATIVE ............................................. 40 Understanding the Dimensions of Nomophobia .......................................................... 40 Dimension I: Not being able to communicate ..................................................... 41 Dimension II: Losing Connectedness ................................................................. 44 Dimension III: Not being able to access information .......................................... 49 Dimension IV: Giving up convenience ............................................................... 51 Summary .................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS OF PHASE TWO: QUANTITATIVE .......................................... 57 Results of the Pilot Study ............................................................................................ 57 Results of the Main Study ........................................................................................... 59 Item Analysis ..................................................................................................... 59 Exploratory Factor Analysis ............................................................................... 61 Reliability Analysis ............................................................................................ 67 Correlation Analysis .......................................................................................... 68 Summary .................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................... 71 Research Questions Addressed ................................................................................... 71 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 74 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 75 Directions for Future Research ................................................................................... 76 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX A SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEWS .............................. 83 APPENDIX B INFORMED CONSENT FORM FOR INTERVIEWS ................................. 84 APPENDIX C INTERVIEW GUIDE .................................................................................. 85 APPENDIX D LIST OF ITEMS FROM PHASE ONE ........................................................ 87 APPENDIX E MAIN STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................ 89 APPENDIX F INSTITUIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL ...................................... 92 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 Visual Diagram of the Procedures Undertaken in the Exploratory Sequential Design ................................................................................ 26 Figure 5.1 Scree Plot of Eigenvalues and Factors................................................... 63 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Measures of Problematic Mobile Phone Use .......................................... 13 Table 3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample ..........................................