cover cover next page > title : Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece author : Hanson, Victor Davis. publisher : University of California Press isbn10 | asin : 0520215966 print isbn13 : 9780520215962 ebook isbn13 : 9780585154855 language : English subject Agriculture--Defense measures--Greece--History, War damage, Industrial--Greece--History, Attike (Greece)-- History, Greece--History--Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. publication date : 1998 lcc : UA929.95.A35H27 1998eb ddc : 338.1/4 subject : Agriculture--Defense measures--Greece--History, War damage, Industrial--Greece--History, Attike (Greece)-- History, Greece--History--Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. cover next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...ntos/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/cover.html [10-02-2009 20:40:00] page_i < previous page page_i next page > Page i Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece < previous page page_i next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...tos/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_i.html [10-02-2009 20:40:00] page_ii < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii ALSO BY VICTOR DAVIS HANSON The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (1989) Hoplites: The Ancient Greek Battle Experience (editor, 1991) The Other Greeks: The Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization (1995) Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Idea (1996) Who Killed Homer? The Decline of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (with John Heath, 1998) < previous page page_ii next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...os/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_ii.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_iii < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece Victor Davis Hanson UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London < previous page page_iii next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...s/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_iii.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_iv < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hanson, Victor Davis. Warfare and agriculture in classical Greece / Victor Hanson Davis.[Rev. ed.] p. cm.(Biblioteca di studi antichi; 40) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-520-21025-5 (cloth : alk. paper). ISBN 0-520-21596-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. AgricultureDefense measuresGreeceHistory. 2. War damage, IndustrialGreeceHistory. 3. Attike (Greece)History. 4. GreeceHistoryPeloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. I. Title. II. Series. UA929.95.A35H27 1999 338.1'4dc21 97-52207 CIP Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. < previous page page_iv next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...os/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_iv.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_v < previous page page_v next page > Page v To the Memory of Rees Davis and Frank Hanson < previous page page_v next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Sant...os/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_v.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_vii < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xvii Introduction 1 Part One: The Attack on Agriculture 17 1. Military Organization 19 2. The Methods of Agricultural Destruction 42 Part Two: The Defense of Agriculture 77 3. Fortification 79 < previous page page_vii next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...s/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_vii.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_viii < previous page page_viii next page > Page viii 4. Evacuation 103 5. Sorties 122 Part Three: The Effectiveness of Agricultural Devastation 129 6. The Devastation of Attica during the Peloponnesian War 131 Conclusion 174 Appendix: The Vocabulary of Agricultural Devastation 185 Select Bibliography 195 Updated Commentary and Bibliography 201 General Index 253 Index Locorum 269 < previous page page_viii next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo.../NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_viii.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_ix < previous page page_ix next page > Page ix PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece was first published in 1983 in the monograph series Biblioteca di Studi Antichi (edited by Graziano Arrighetti and Emilio Gabba, with Franco Montanari, and published by Giardini of Pisa, Italy). The book was, for the most part, favorably reviewed, occasionally cited, and went quickly out of print. At the time of its publication, I was a full-time viticulturist with no plans either to reenter academic life or to pursue serious research about the ancient Greek world again. Except when the occasional letter of encouragement from a classical scholar arrived, I too forgot about this thesis and went on with the business of trying to preserve our small family tree- and vine-farm during the agricultural recessions of the 1980s. I recalled that a fellow graduate student at Stanford University had remarked to me in January 1980, when I was finishing my dissertation, that few scholars had any interest in ancient warfare, much less Greek farming. Worried over that dual warning, I learned from an informal look at library card catalogues of published works in classics that no English-language book or monograph about the ancient Greek world had appeared with the word "agriculture" in its title or subtitle in the sixty years since W. E. Heitland's engaging study Agricola: A Study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World from the Point of View of Labor (Cambridge, < previous page page_ix next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Santo...os/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_ix.html [10-02-2009 20:40:01] page_x < previous page page_x next page > Page x 1921). So I was not surprised that by 1985 Warfare and Agriculture was found only in a few libraries and was little known; indeed I had long ago given away all but one of my complimentary books to scholars kind enough to write me on the farm expressing interest in finding a copy. Little did I know that as I was farming in Selma, California, in the early and mid-1980s classical scholars were well in the process of reinventing the entire field of ancient Greek warfare and agriculture. Ongoing field surveys of the Greek countryside were exploring ancient population densities, settlement patterns, and the interplay between habitation and climatic and soil conditions. The completion of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae made possible a comprehensive rather than haphazard study of the ancient Greek vocabulary of farming and fighting. Further excavations of farmhouses in southern Attica, the Crimea, and Italy were coming to light. In England, gifted Cambridge students of Anthony Snodgrass and M. I. Finley were applying various interdisciplinary approaches to ancient agrarianism, often employing theoretical models from the social sciences to reconstruct past agrarian economies and ideologies. By the late 1980s and early 1990s first-generation summaries of these specialized philological, archaeological, and historical studies were beginning to appear, including M.-C. Amouretti's Le pain et l'huile dans la Grèce (Besançon, 1986), Robin Osborne's Classical Landscapes with Figures (London, 1987), T. W. Gallant's Risk and Survival: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy (Stanford, 1991), Robert Sallares's The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991), B. Wells's (ed.) Agriculture in Ancient Greece (Stockholm, 1992), A. Burford's Land and Labor in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, 1993), and S. Isager and J. E. Skydsgaard's Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction (London, 1993). I have had the privilege to review in print all but one of the above books; they are uniformly excellent, and many of their ideas have saved me from more errors and misconceptions than I can recount. At the same time, largely due to the selfless, two-decade effort of W. K. Pritchett (The Greek State at War, 5 vols. [Berkeley, 19711991), < previous page page_x next page > file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20Sant...os/NUNO-BOOKS/scanear/0520215966/files/page_x.html [10-02-2009 20:40:02] page_xi < previous page page_xi next page > Page xi the study of Greek warfare was turning from its traditional emphasis on strategy, tactics, logistics, and recruitment to include comprehensive study of economy and social policy. The work of Y. Garlan (Guerre et économie en Gréce ancienne [Paris, 1989]), P. Ducrey (Warfare in Ancient Greece [New York, 1989]), and J. Rich and G. Shipley (editors of War and Society in the Greek World [London, 1993]) ensured that we saw hoplites as citizens of the polisfor so long mostly farmers who represented the property-owning infantry classand not merely anonymous warriors of the phalanx. Warfare and agriculture have become fertile areas of contemporary research in ancient Greek history, topics at the heart of the discovery of the true nature of the Greek polis. Consequently, reissue of an updated, accessible, and corrected edition of Warfare and Agriculture perhaps makes even more sense now than its original publication did sixteen years ago. In the present book, I have made some changes from the edition of 1983corrections of misprints and errors of fact; clarification of arguments; reformation of the entire text; relegation of some material to an appendix; reduction in the amount of quoted Greek and avoidance altogether of Greek scriptall in the interest of providing wider accessibility to readers outside the world of classical scholarship. In a few places in the original text and in the updated commentary, I have also inserted the results of some more recent firsthand experience with crop devastation. In the years since I wrote my doctoral dissertation, I returned to farm trees and vines in central California and was sometimes curious whether orchard and vineyard destruction was as difficult as it had once seemed to me in our ancient sources.