49 Unit 5: Ancient Sites __________________________________________________________________________________ แผนการสอน หัวเรื่อง 5.1 Cave Paintings at Pha Taem 5.2 Phimai 5.3 Phnom Rung 5.4 Sukhothai Historical Park 5.5 The Ancient City of Ayutthaya วัตถุประสงค - ตอบคําถามเกี่ยวกับเรื่องที่อานได - ใชโครงสรางภาษา และสํานวนอธิบายสถานที่ได กิจกรรมการเรียน - เรียนรูคําศัพท สํานวนในการอธิบายสถานที่ - การอานและหาคําตอบ สื่อการสอน - เอกสารสอน - ภาพโบราณสถาน การประเมินผล - การตอบคําถาม - การอธิบายสถานที่ โดยนําคาศํ ัพท และโครงสรางประโยคที่เรียนมาใช 50 5.1 Cave Paintings at Pha Taem Cave paintings refer to pictures which are drawn or painted in colors on the surface of rocks. Although these paintings are found in places other than caves, for example, on cliffs and rock shelters, they are generally called cave paintings or cave art. Cave paintings were closely related to rites and beliefs and carried symbolic meaning. The painting of animals was a magical attempt to make hunting more successful or to increase the number of animals for hunting. Some cave paintings were records of important events in the community. Cave art has been discovered in many parts of Thailand. In the Northeast, there are 131 sites in nine provinces. One of the largest groups is located in Pha Taem in Ubon Ratchathani province. The word “Pha Taem” literally means the cliff which was painted in colors. The Pha Taem cliff itself is a flat rock surface approximately 180 meters long and has an area of nearly 900 square meters. There are more than 300 paintings at Pha Taem. Most of them were painted in red, others were done in black or white. The paintings show animals, objects and symbols, and frequently, human hands. Answer the following questions. 1. What are cave paintings? 2. Where can we find them? 3. What were cave painting related to? 4. What do the words “Pha Taem” mean? 5. What do the paintings at Pha Taem show? 51 Vocabulary 1. painting - ภาพวาด การทาสี 2. cliff - หนาผา 3. rock shelter - เพิงผา 4. rites - พิธีกรรม 5. records -บันทึก 6. events - เหตุการณ 7. community - ชุมชน 8. literally - ตามตัวหนังสือ 9. approximately - ประมาณ 10. objects - วัตถุ สิ่งของ Language Focus: Passive Voice รูปประโยค (to be+V.3) -These paintings are found in places other than caves. -Cave art has been discovered in many parts of Thailand. ใชเมื่อไมตองการเนนประธาน -The cliff was painted in colors. -Cave paintings are drawn on the surface of rocks. 52 5.2 Phimai In Thailand, there are stone sanctuaries of different sizes dating from about 600 to 1,000 years old. Most of them are in the Northeastern part of the country. These sanctuaries are called “Prasat Hin” in Thai because they were built with stones. Some of these sanctuaries were used as Buddhist shrines and some were used as Hindu shrines. One of these Prasat Hin is Prasat Hin Phimai which is situated in the center of Amphoe Phimai, Nakhon Ratchasima province. Art historians believe that Prasat Hin Phimai was built in the 17th Buddhist century (12th Century A.D.) as a Buddhist shrine. This is evidenced by the statue of Buddha protected by Naga once enshrined in the main sanctuary. Prasat Hin Phimai is surrounded by stone walls with a gate in the north, south, east, and west. The main gate is in the south and a Naga bridge connects the gate to the main entrance of the sanctuary. The entrance leads to the main sanctuary which is located at the center of the inner courtyard. The main sanctuary was the place where religious ceremonies were performed. Other interesting buildings in the inner courtyard include the gallery, the libraries and the hospital. Restoration of Prasat Hin Phimai was conducted from 1964 to 1969. Later Prasat Hin Phimai and the area nearby which includes the ancient city of Phimai was declared a historical park. The landscape was developed. An outdoor museum displaying stone lintels was established. The Phimai Historical Park was officially opened in 1989 making it the fourth historical park of the country. Answer the following questions. 1. How old are stone sanctuaries in Thailand ? 2. Why are these sanctuaries called “Prasat Hin”? 53 3. What were they built for? 4. When was Prasat Hin Phimai built ? 5. How do we know that Prasat Hin Phimai was built as a Buddhist shrine? Vocabulary 1. main sanctuary (ปราสาทประธาน) - ปราสาทที่ตั้งอยูที่จุดศูนยกลางของลานชั้นใน มักพบวา เปนประดษฐานพระพิ ุทธรูป หรือ เทวรูป และใชเปนท ี่ประกอบพิธีทางศาสนา 2. gallery (ระเบยงคดี ) - กําแพงลอมรอบลานชั้นใน และปราสาทประธาน มีซุมประตูทั้งสี่ดาน เดินทะลุถึงกันไดตลอด มีหลังคาคลุม 3. libraries (บรรณาลัย) - ที่เก็บรักษาคัมภีร หรือตําราเกี่ยวกับพิธีกรรมทางศาสนา และเปนที่ ประทับชั่วคราวของพระมหากษัตริย เมื่อเสด็จมาประกอบพิธีทางศาสนา 4. hospital (ธรรมศาลา) - ที่พักคนเดนทางและคนเจิ ็บ และใชเปนท ี่ประกอบพิธีทางศาสนา สําหรับคนทั่วไป 5. Buddha protected by Naga – พระพุทธรูปปางนาคปรก 6. enshrined -ประดิษฐาน 7. main sanctuary - ปราสาทประธาน 54 Speaking Situation: Sukanya, a tour guide, is taking a group of tourists to Prasat Hin Phimai today. She is talking to the tourists on a bus which is about to leave for Amhoe Phimai. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to Sunshine Tour. My name is Sukanya. Today we are going to visit Prasat Hin Phimai in Amphoe Phimai. Before we leave, I’d like to tell you about the route. We are going to take Highway No. 2 and 206 to Phimai. I expect that we will be there in about an hour. We will stop at Prasat Hin Phimai and have a tour of the monument. It’s sunny and clear today. You will have a chance to see one of the most magnificent Khmer monuments in Thailand at its best. We will spend about two hours there. Then we will go on to Sai Ngam. We will have lunch there. I recommend that you try the most famous local dish of Phimai—Phimai fried noodles. After lunch you can relax and do a little bit of souvenir shopping. We will leave at 3 p.m. so that you will be back at your hotel by four and have some time to rest before you go back to Bangkok tonight. Write T if the statement is true and F if is false. _______ 1. Sukanya works for Sunshine Tour. _______ 2. Sukanya is taking a group of tourists to Phimai on a cloudy day. _______ 3. After seeing the Khmer monuments the group will go to Sai Ngam. _______ 4. The most famous dish in Phimai is fried rice. _______ 5. The group is going back to Bangkok the next day. Task You are a guide. You’re taking the tour group to visit a historical site. Descript some information about the place. And then brief the program tour to the group. 55 5.3 Phnom Rung Phnom Rung is a Khmer religious monument known in Thai as Prasat Khao Phnom Rung. It is situated on the top of the Phnom Rung hill in Amphoe Nang Rong, Buriram province , not far from the Thai-Cambodian border. Unlike Prasat Hin Phimai, which was built as a Buddhist shrine, Prasat Khao Phnom Rung was built and dedicated to Siva, the Hindu god. A carved figure of Siva in a dancing posture can be seen on the pediment at the entrance. The lintel of the main sanctuary also depicts Siva as a hermit. In 1988, the name Prasat Khao Phnom Rung appeared frequently in newspapers in Thailand. The media reported that the stone lintel depicting reclining Vishnu had been missing from its place at the Prasat. The lintel was seen on display at the Art Institute, Chicago, U.S.A. The Thai people and the Thai government united in a nationwide campaign to reclaim the lintel. The effort was fruitful and the lintel was eventually returned to the Prasat. When you visit Prasat Khao Phnom Rung, you will see the long -lost lintel firmly fixed in its original place. Answer the following questions. 1. Where is Prasat Khao Phnom Rung? 2. What was Prasat Khao Phnom Rung built for? 3. Whom was Prasat Khao Phnom Rung dedicated to? 4. How do we hnow that Prasat Khao Phnom Rung was built as a Hindu shrine? 5. What used to be missing from Prasat Khao Phnom Rung? 56 Language Focus: Order of Modifiers. -Phnom Rung is a Khmer religious monument known in Thai as Prasat Khao Phnom Rung. จะเห็นวา คําวา monument ถูกขยายดวยค ํา religious และ Khmer ในภาษาอังกฤษ ในกรณีที่คํานาม ถูกขยายดวยค ําขยายดวยค ําขยายหรือที่เรียกวา modifier มากกวาหนึ่งคําการเรียงลําดับกอนหลังของ modifier มักจะเปนดังน ี้ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Noun หรือ Noun compound ตําแหนงที่ 1 จะเปน modifier ที่บรรยายลกษณะโดยทั ั่วไป เชน good, bad, poor, rich, beautiful, etc. ตําแหนงที่ 2 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกขนาด ความสูง ความยาว เชน big, tall, long, short, etc. ตําแหนงที่ 3 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกอายุ เชน old, young, ancient, modern, etc. ตําแหนงที่ 4 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกรูปราง เชน square, round, etc. ตําแหนงที่ 5 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกสี เชน red, white, etc. ตําแหนงที่ 6 จะเปน modifier ที่เปน participle ตําแหนงที่ 7 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกทีมา หรือแหลงทมาี่ ประเทศ ทิศ ตําแหนงที่ 8 จะเปน modifier ที่บอกวัสดุ เชน wooded, stone, plastic, glass, etc. ถาเปน noun ที่ตองใช determiners เชน a, an, the, some, many, few, a few, this, that, these, those, etc. determiners เหลานี้จะอยูขางหนา modifier ทั้งหมด ตัวอยาง - red-painted Ban Chiang pottery - an ancient Khmer monument - the finest prehistoric painting - that peaceful little old Buddhist temple Place the modifiers in their correct order. Example: lintel, square, heavy, stone = the heavy square stone lintel 1. red, pot, beautiful, clay = ________________________________________________ 2. winding, dark, gallery, long = ____________________________________________ 3. inscription, Khmer, ancient, stone = ________________________________________ 4. Phimai, fried noodles, spicy, delicious = _____________________________________ 5. trip, tiring, bus, long = ___________________________________________________ 57 5.4 Sukhothai Historical Park The ancient city of Sukhothai is about 12 kilometers west of Sukhothai province. The oldest stone inscription discovered mentions that tradesmen came to Sukhothai from China and the Middle East. During the 18th Buddhist century (13th century A.D.), the state of Sukhothai flourished while the two major kingdoms, Angkor in the East and Pagan in the West, were declining. Sukhothai, the earliest recorded state of the Thai people, gradually built up its strength and stability.