MAGDALENA RANGER DISTRICT BACKGROUND FOR SURVEY Matt Basham District Archaeologist Forest Service Report No. 2011-03-030 Cibola National Forest, Albuquerque TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... ii I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 II. ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 2 III. PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION ............................................................................................................... 6 IV. HISTORIC OCCUPATION ................................................................................................................... 13 V. SURVEY STANDARDS FOR CONTRACTORS .......................................................................................... 22 VI. MAGDALENA CUSTOM LA FORM ................................................................................................... 25 VII. REFERENCES CITED ......................................................................................................................... 27 APPENDIX A – COMMON CERAMIC TYPES ON THE MAGDALENA RANGER DISTRICT ................................ 33 APPENDIX B - FLORA RESOURCES ON THE MAGDALENA RANGER DISTRICT ............................................ 45 APPENDIX C - QUADRANGLE INDEX FOR THE MAGDALENA RANGER DISTRICT ....................................... 51 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1. LOCATION OF MAGDALENA RANGER DISTRICT. ............................................................................... 1 FIG. 2. CLOCKWISE FROM UPPER LEFT: MAGDALENA, SAN MATEO, BEAR/GALLINA, DATIL RANGES. ...... 2 FIG. 3. ILLUSTRATION OF MILNESAND PREFORM. ......................................................................................... 8 FIG. 4. CLOSE-UP OF MASONRY WALL AT GALLINAS SPRINGS. .................................................................. 13 FIGURE 5. FRANCISCAN CROSS PETROGLYPH AT THE GOAT SPRINGS PUEBLO ........................................... 14 FIGURE 6. UNDATED PHOTO OF THE APACHE KID. ..................................................................................... 15 FIG. 7. CLOSE-UP OF APACHE KID GRAVESITE MARKER. ........................................................................... 16 FIGURE 8. CLOSE-UP OF AN AERIAL TRAMWAY TERMINAL........................................................................ 20 FIGURE 9. MAGDALENA RANGER STATION, CA. 1941. .............................................................................. 22 ii I. INTRODUCTION The heritage resources on the district are diverse and representative of nearly every prominent hu- Cultural resources are the remains of past hu- man evolutionary event known to anthropology. man activity and provide a record of human beha- Evidence for human use of district lands date back vior within the ecosystem and a meaningful con- 14,000 years to the Paleoindian period providing text for resource managers to assess the existing glimpses into the peopling of the New World and condition of a landscape. Cultural resources megafaunal extinction. There is a pronounced represent tangible evidence of community herit- archaic component and evidence of the transition age, and by extension are integral to modern-day to agriculture when early humans abandoned cultural identities. As of January 2011, the Mag- hunting and gathering and adopted new subsis- dalena Ranger District (Figure 1) has 1,118 cul- tence strategies. The district lies in a cultural tural resources recorded in the New Mexico Cul- transition zone between the prehistoric Anasazi tural Resources Inventory System (NMCRIS). and Mogollon cultural areas providing insight into The sites are widely distributed across the district the process of transcultural diffusion and early with concentrations occurring in certain parts of southwestern political economies. People living the district that were suitable for occupation. at the Goat Springs pueblo witnessed the Spanish incursion in the 1540s and the abrupt cultural changes that accompanied European contact. The people living in and around Magdalena have been governed by Mexico, and experienced early U.S. statehood, westward expansion, and the Apache Wars. Most recently, the people of Magdalena have experienced globalization and the effects of losing jobs to newer methods of transporting cat- tle. Yet beneath all of the cultural transformations lies a resilient continuity whereby human beings have continued to live in and around Magdalena, New Mexico. The Magdalena Ranger District Heritage Pro- gram’s primary purpose is to protect and preserve the heritage resources in and around the com- munities in which the Cibola National Forest does business. These heritage resources hold clues to past ecosystems, add richness and depth to our landscapes, provide links to living traditions, and help transform a beautiful walk in the woods into Fig. 1. Location of Magdalena Ranger District. an unforgettable encounter with history (USDA Anthropologically, the cultural resources of the Forest Service 1998). Cibola National Forest arc- Magdalena Ranger District can help answer some haeologists strive to protect significant heritage very significant questions plaguing the discipline. resources, share their values with the American 1 people, and to contribute relevant information and Mountains, the San Mateo Mountains, the perspectives to natural resource management. In Bear/Gallinas Mountains, and the Datil Mountains so doing we will ensure that future generations (Figure 2). Interspersed within the mountains are will have an opportunity to discover the human expansive grassy plains, including the Plains of San Augustín, located some 20 miles west of the story etched on the landscapes of our national fo- Village of Magdalena, New Mexico. The geo- rests and grasslands; make the past come alive as graphic variability of the district undoubtedly con- a vibrant part of our recreational experiences and tributes to the long duration of human occupation community life; and connect people to the land in in the area, and partially accounts for the distribu- a way that will help us better understand and tion of archaeological sites on the district. manage forest ecosystems. II. ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW This section briefly discusses the physical en- vironment of the Magdalena Ranger District. En- vironmental discussions are essential to archaeo- logical analyses for many reasons. A central ob- jective of archaeology is to identify and explain culture change through time. Archaeologists have long considered the human adaptation to physical environments and limitations imposed on human populations by the environment as indispensable Fig. 2. Clockwise from upper left: Magdalena, San Mateo, factors in understanding diachronic culture Bear/Gallina, Datil Ranges. change. An environmental analysis establishes the range of resources available to prehistoric cul- The Magdalena Ranger District is within the tures in terms of both diet breadth (food) and utili- Western Range and Irrigation Region (WRIR) ty (tools). The region encompassing the district Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) 35 and 42 contains diverse vegetation, abundant habitats for (USDA 2006:61). The Western Range and Irriga- game animals, and although limited, sufficient tion Region is a semidesert and desert region of precipitation and water sources suited to human plateaus, plains, and numerous isolated mountain adaptation involving a mixed subsistence base ranges. A majority of the precipitation in the with horticulture supplemented by wild food re- Magdalena portion of the WRIR falls as rain dur- mains. There are numerous lithic resources suita- ing the warm season. A majority of the land in ble for the manufacture of stone tools, in addition the WRIR is allocated to grazing, and because of to other important economic resources such as the harsh arid climate overgrazing is a major con- wood and stone for architecture, fuel wood, hides, cern for land managers. pelts, and feathers. Most of the Magdalena Ranger District lies The environmental setting of the Magdalena within the Datil Section of the Colorado Plateau Ranger District can be divided into four non- Province of the Intermontane Plateaus (MLRA contiguous geographic units: the Magdalena 2 35) (USDA 2006:97). MLRA 35 is part of the tude) in July and November 1906 (Reid 1911; Colorado Plateau, which has been structurally up- Sanford et al. 1995). lifted. The extreme eastern portion of the district lies partially within the Mexican Highland Section The Magdalena Mountains are regionally high of the Basin and Range Province of the Intermon- in elevation representing the third highest range in tane Plateaus (MLRA 42) (USDA 2006:109). The southern New Mexico. The range is a typical linear, isolated mountain ranges of MLRA 42 are desert Basin and Range mountain surrounded by primarily tilted fault blocks modified by erosion. flat plains of Pinyon-Juniper grasslands to the Alluvial fan deposits are common at the bases of north, east, and west, and by creosote desert in the most mountains. Quarternary (2 mya – present) south. The range is located immediately