Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 1983 Androgynous Coping Behaviors: a Test of Bem's Sex-Role Theory Roy Lucas Lukman Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Lukman, Roy Lucas, "Androgynous Coping Behaviors: a Test of Bem's Sex-Role Theory" (1983). Dissertations. 535. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/535 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. 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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Andrews University School of Education ANDROGYNOUS COPING BEHAVIORS: A TEST OF HEM'S SEX-ROLE THEORY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Roy Lucas Lukman August 1983 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ANDROGYNOUS COPING BEHAVIORS: A TEST OF HEM'S SEX-ROLE THEORY A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy oy Roy Lucas Lukman APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE: Chairman: W. Peter bolofEducation commi ilfred G. A. Futcher "Vv-* i i / d - g / e j ^ommi ei^çjme Thayer Date approved yi-t'Uc/c^ A- I c C c l y ^ Committee Member: Derrick L. Proctor Exterp^l Examiner : John F. Stout Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ................... 1 Purpose of the S t u d y ........................ 3 Definition of Terms .......................... 4 Importance of the S tudy ..................... 5 Limitation of the S t u d y ..................... 7 Organization of the Study ................... 7 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................... 9 Introduction ................................. 9 Theoretical Perspectives of Sex-Role Development ................................. 10 Psychoanalytic Approach ................... 10 Social-Learning Approach ................. 13 Cognitive Developmental Approach .... 15 Nature vs. Nurture Issue ................... 17 Historical Perspectives ..................... 23 Traditional Sex-Roles ........................ 25 Theoretical Construct of Androgyny .... 31 Correlates of Androgyny ..................... 34 Coping Behaviors ............................ 41 Tentative Conclusions ........................ III. M E T H O D S ........................................... 4 3 Sample Group ................................. 4 3 Instrumentation ............................... 43 Field Procedures ............................ 47 Statement of Null H y p o t h e s e s .............. 4 8 Data Analysis ................................. 49 IV. RESULTS ........................................... 60 Introduction ................................. 60 Categorical Scaling of Burke's Items . 60 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Testing of the Hypotheses ................... 66 Null Hypothesis 1 .......................... 66 Null Hypothesis 2 .......................... 68 Null Hypothesis 3 .......................... 69 Null Hypothesis 4 .......................... 70 Additional Findings .......................... 71 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 79 S u m m a r y ......................................... 7 9 P u r p o s e ...................................... 79 Overview of Related Literature ......... 80 Sampling and Instrumentation ............ 81 Null H y p o t h e s e s ............................. 82 Conclusions .................................... 82 Implications and Recommendations ......... 84 APPENDICES ............................................. 90 A. The Two Instruments of the S t u d y ............ 91 B. Instrument for the Judges ...................... 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 99 VITA ....................................................... 107 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES 1. Coefficient Alpha for the Femininity Score, the Masculinity Score, and the F-M Differ­ ence S c o r e ............................................. 4 6 2. Test-Retest Reliabilities for the Femininity, Masculinity, and F-M Difference Scores ........ 47 3. Bern's Sex-Role Profile ............................. 50 4. Bern's Norm Median Scores ........................... 52 5. Examples of Flexibility Indices ................. 54 5. Categorical Scaling of Burke's Coping Questionnaire Items ............................... 51 7. Ordered Scale Values of Burke's Coping Questionnaire Items ............................... 63 8. Burke's Coping Questionnaire Masculine I t e m s ................................................ 64 9. Burke's Coping Questionnaire Feminine I t e m s ................................................ 65 10. Sample Group According to Sex-Role Classifica­ tions and their Respective Coping Flexibility M e a n s ................................................ 66 11. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Androgynous and Mascu­ line Groups ......................................... 67 12. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Androgynous and Feminine Groups .................................... 68 13. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Androgynous and Undif­ ferentiated Groups .................................. 69 14. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Androgynous Males and F e m a l e s .............................................. 71 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Masculine and Feminine Groups ............................................. 73 16. Test of Significance between the Means of Coping Flexibility Indices for Masculine Males and Feminine Females .................................... 7 4 17. Test of Significance