Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar Edited by Klaus-Uwe Panther Universität Hamburg Linda L. Thornburg Independent Researcher Antonio Barcelona Universidad de Córdoba John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metonymy and metaphor in grammar / edited by Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg, Antonio Barcelona. p. cm. (Human Cognitive Processing, issn 1387-6724 ; v. 25) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Metonyms. 2. Metaphor. I. Panther, Klaus-Uwe, 1942- II. Thornburg, Linda L. III. Barcelona, Antonio, 1952- P301.5.M49M46 2009 401'.43--dc22 2009012594 isbn 978 90 272 2379 1 (hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8935 3 (eb) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa We dedicate this volume to the next generation of cognitive linguists Table of contents Editorsandcontributors ix Preface xiii Introduction:Onfigurationingrammar 1 Klaus-Uwe Panther and Linda L. Thornburg Metonymicgrammar 45 Ronald W. Langacker Part 1. Word class meaning and word formation Nounsarethings: Evidenceforagrammaticalmetaphor? 75 Wiltrud Mihatsch Theroleofmetonymyinwordformation:BrazilianPortugueseagent nounconstructions 99 Margarida Basilio Themetonymicbasisofa‘semanticpartial’: Tagaloglexicalconstructionswithka- 111 Gary B. Palmer, Russell S. Rader and Art D. Clarito Part 2. Case and aspect Anewmodelofmetaphorization:CasesemanticsinEastCaucasian 147 Wolfgang Schulze AspectandmetonymyintheFrenchpassé simple 177 Klaus-Uwe Panther and Linda L. Thornburg Part 3. Proper names and noun phrases GenericreferenceinEnglish: Ametonymicandconceptual blendinganalysis 199 Günter Radden viii MetonymyandMetaphorinGrammar The(non-)metonymicuseofplacenamesinEnglish,German,Hungarian, andCroatian 229 Mario Brdar and Rita Brdar-Szabó Metonymieswelivewithout 259 Mario Brdar Part 4. Predicate and clause constructions formismotion: DynamicpredicatesinEnglisharchitecturaldiscourse 277 Rosario Caballero AmetonymicanalysisofSingaporeanandMalaysianEnglish causativeconstructions 291 Debra Ziegeler and Sarah Lee Metonymyinindirectdirectives:Stand-aloneconditionalsinEnglish, German,Hungarian,andCroatian 323 Rita Brdar-Szabó Part 5. Metonymic and metaphoric motivations of grammatical meaning Themetonymicandmetaphoricgroundingoftwo image-schematransformations 339 M. Sandra Peña Cervel and Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Motivationofconstructionmeaningandform: Therolesofmetonymyandinference 363 Antonio Barcelona Metonymyandmetaphorindex 403 Nameindex 407 Subjectindex 415 Editors and contributors Editors Contributors Klaus-UwePanther AntonioBarcelona UniversitätHamburg UniversidaddeCórdoba InstitutfürAnglistikundAmerikanistik DepartamentodeFilología D-20146Hamburg InglesayAlemana Germany 14071Córdoba [email protected] Spain [email protected] LindaL.Thornburg Rathenaustrasse18 MargaridaBasilio D-22297Hamburg PontifíciaUniversidadeCatólica Germany doRiodeJaneiro [email protected] RuaMarquêsdeSãoVicente,225 DepartamentodeLetras AntonioBarcelona 22453-900RiodeJaneiroRJ UniversidaddeCórdoba Brasil DepartamentodeFilología [email protected] InglesayAlemana 14071Córdoba MarioBrdar Spain JosipJurajStrossmayerUniversity [email protected] DepartmentofEnglishLanguage& Literature HR-31000Osijek Croatia [email protected] RitaBrdar-Szabó EötvösLorándUniversity DepartmentofGermanLinguistics H-1146Budapest Hungary [email protected] x MetonymyandMetaphorinGrammar RosarioCaballero Klaus-UwePanther UniversidaddeCastilla- UniversitätHamburg LaMancha InstitutfürAnglistikundAmerikanistik DepartamentodeFiolologiaModerna D-20146Hamburg 13071CiudadReal Germany Spain [email protected] [email protected] SandraPeñaCervel ArtD.Clarito UniversidadNacionaldeEducacióna DepartmentofCurriculum&Instruction Distancia Anthropology&EthnicStudies DepartamentodeFilologíasExtranjerasy UniversityofNevadaatLasVegas susLingüísticas LasVegas,NV89154 28040Madrid USA Spain [email protected] [email protected] RonaldW.Langacker GünterRadden DepartmentofLinguistics UniversitätHamburg UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego InstitutfürAnglistikundAmerikanistik LaJolla,CA92093 D-20146Hamburg USA Germany [email protected] [email protected] SarahLee RussellS.Rader DepartmentofLinguistics [noaddressavailable] RiceUniversity Houston,TX77005 FranciscoJ.RuizDeMendoza USA UniversidaddeLaRioja [email protected] DepartamentodeFilologíasModernas 26004Logroño,LaRioja WiltrudMihatsch Spain FakultätfürPhilologie [email protected] RomanischesSeminar Ruhr-UniversitätBochum WolfgangSchulze D-44780Bochum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Germany Institut für Allgemeine und Typologische [email protected] Sprachwissenschaft D-80539München GaryB.Palmer Germany AnthropologyandEthnicStudies [email protected] UniversityofNevadaatLasVegas LasVegas,NV89154 USA [email protected] Editorsandcontributors xi LindaL.Thornburg DebraZiegeler Rathenaustrasse18 DepartmentofEnglishLanguage D-22147Hamburg andLiterature Germany NationalUniversityofSingapore [email protected] 10,KentRidgeCrescent Singapore119260 [email protected] Preface Thepapersinthisbookcontinueandelaboratearesearchprogramthatbeganwitha themesessionorganizedbytwooftheeditors(PantherandThornburg)atthe7thInterna- tionalPragmaticsConferenceinBudapest(2000),whichresultedinthevolumeMetonymy and Pragmatic Inferencing(2003)editedbyPantherandThornburgandpublishedinBen- jamins’Pragmatics&BeyondNewSeries.Arelatedtopicwaspursuedatthe7thInterna- tionalCognitiveLinguisticsConference(SantaBarbara,CA,July22–27,2001)inatheme session(withthesameorganizers)How Universal are Conceptual Metonymies? A Cross- Linguistic Comparison.Thesepaperswerepublishedinaspecialissuewiththesametitle inthejournalJezikoslovlje(4.1)in2003,guest-editedbyPantherandThornburg.Thecur- rentvolumegrewultimatelyfromathemesessionMetonymy and Metaphor in Grammar organizedbyKlausPanther,LindaThornburg,AntonioBarcelona,andGünterRadden atthe8thInternationalCognitiveLinguisticsConference(Logroño,Spain,July20–25, 2003)andcontainssubstantiallyrevisedandupdatedpapersbyparticipantsinthetheme sessionaswellasanumberoforiginalinvitedpapers. Wearegratefultotheorganizersofthe8thICLCinLogroñofortheopportunityto presentourpanel,toourpanelparticipantsandvolumecontributors,andtothediscus- santsofthethemesession,LauraJandaandGeorgeLakoff.Specialgratitudeisextended totheauthorsofinvitedcontributions,particularlyRonaldLangacker,whosuppliedthe leadchapter,GaryPalmerandhisco-authors,MarioBrdar,RitaBrdar-Szabó,andDebra ZiegelerandSarahLee.WeareindebtedaswelltoGünterRaddenforhiseditorialassis- tanceatanearlystageofthisvolume. WethankSelineBenjamins,whoshowedinterestintheprojectfromitsinception;Jan Nuytsandtheco-editorsoftheseriesHumanCognitiveProcessingandtwoanonymous reviewers,who,throughvariousdraftsprovidedconstructivecriticismandencouraging feedback;HannekeBruintjes,AcquisitionEditor,andMartinevanMarsbergenandher colleaguesintheProductionDepartment,formakingthefinalstagesoftheprojecteasy forus.Finally,totheauthorsofMetonymy and Metaphor in Grammarweofferourdeepest appreciationforyourpatience,foryourcommitmenttotheproject,andforyourcontri- butiontofurtheringanunderstandingoftheimportantroleoffigurationingrammar. Klaus-UwePanther,Hamburg,Germany LindaL.Thornburg,Hamburg,Germany AntonioBarcelona,Córdoba,Spain May2009 Introduction Onfigurationingrammar* Klaus-UwePantherandLindaL.Thornburg UniversityofHamburg/Independentresearcher 1. Introduction Manylinguists,ifnotmost,wouldanswerthequestion“Whatdoesfigurationhaveto dowithgrammar?”byshakingtheirheadsandretorting“Nothingwhatsoever”.Given thewidespreadskepticismoflinguistsaboutfindinganyconnectionsbetweenfiguration and grammar, a book on metonymy and metaphor in grammar requires a sufficiently clearconceptionofgrammar,ontheonehand,andoffiguration,ontheother,tomake acasefortheinteractionbetweenthetwo.Inthesectionsthatfollowwesuggestsome answerstothequestionofhowfigurationrelatestogrammar,focusinginparticularon howfigurativethoughtmightinfluence grammar.InSection2,westartoutwithabrief overviewofsomeoverarchingfeaturesofcognitivelinguistics,contrastingitwithitsmain competitor,generativegrammar,fromandagainstwhichithistoricallyemerged.InSec- tion3,wecontinuethediscussionofgenerativeandcognitivelinguisticmodelsfocusing onhowthesemodelsviewthepositionofgrammarintheoverallarchitectureoflanguage. InSection4,wedevelopareferenceframeforanalyzingtherelationbetweenfiguration andgrammar.Sections5and6presentdatainsupportofthehypothesisthatconceptual metaphorandconceptualmetonymymotivatethedistributionalpropertiesofgrammati- calelements.Section7characterizesthecontributionstothepresentvolumeandrelates them,wherepossible,totheframeworkdevelopedinSection4.Section8closesthisin- troductorychapterwithsomesuggestionsforfutureresearch–stressinginparticularthe importanceoffigurationforthediachronicdevelopmentofgrammaticalcategoriesand itsrelevancetotypologicalstudies. 2. Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is by no means a uniform theoretical paradigm. Some scholars evenbelievethattheterm‘cognitivelinguistics’hasbeenusurpedbyagroupofCalifor-