COST: European Cooperation in Science and Technology COST 727 Action Measuring and forecasting atmospheric icing on structures Alain Heimo Meteotest, Switzerland MC Chairman/COST727 COST is one of the longest-running instruments supporting co-operation among scientists and researchers across Europe. TOPICS - Atmospheric icing • Why is icing a problem – Socio-economic importance • Meteorological measurements • Recent activities - COST-727 - Objectives - Organisation and members - Latest results - Measurements (WG2) - Modeling (WG1) - Deliverables - Future activities Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission … Spain 2002 Germany 2005 Norway 1961 Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission - Icing of structures (e.g.:TV- and telecommunication towers, ski-lifts) ... Design of loads, safety, operational stops.. On TV-towers the ice load may be several tens of tons. Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission - Icing of structures (e.g.:TV- and telecommunication towers, ski- lifts) - Telephone lines, Forest economy... Ice load + high winds ! Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission - Icing of structures (e.g.:TV- and telecommunication towers, ski- lifts) - Power lines, Telephone lines, Forest economy - Wind Power production ... - Uncertainities in prediction of production - Additional loads /design - Safety: falling ice, operational safety - Reduction in power production due to: - reduced lift - shut-down - mechanical failures - iced wind sensors Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission - Icing of structures (e.g.:TV- and telecommunication towers, ski- lifts) - Power lines, Telephone lines, Forest economy - Wind Power production - Aviation ... Icing at airports and in the air No icing Icing source: http://meted.ucar.edu Atmospheric icing: Why is it a problem? Atmospheric icing causes severe financial losses and reduces security and human safety : - Power transmission - Icing of structures (e.g.:TV- and telecommunication towers, ski- lifts) - Power lines, Telephone lines, Forest economy - Wind Power production - Aviation - Meteorology Meteorological measurements EUMETNET Severe Weather Sensors SWS II experiment Säntis Station, Switzerland Atmospheric icing: former activities Status before COST-Action 727: 1) Icing measurements performed in many countries in Europe since the 1930’s, however with only limited standards for instruments and data acquisitions. 2) Measurements • No reliable ice detectors available. • The WMO/CIMO guidelines for measurements of icing do not exist yet: specifications required. 3) Modeling, mapping • Atmospheric icing (rate, cumulative ammount, duration, etc.) is not forecasted for low altitudes (ABL) nor measured by NMHSs. • Input data (LWC, droplet size,..) for calculations of ice accretion not available. • Coarse icing climatology for Europe (based on indirect observations) Atmospheric icing: former activities WMO/CIMO Wind Instrument Intercomparison Mont Aigoual, France, 1992-1993 Organized by France, Switzerland & WMO Participating countries: 11 Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Instruments tested: 26 Conclusions from the final report: -… The formation of ice makes almost all the calculated parameters incoherent. - … We have not been able to characterize the icing phenomena from ice detectors. - … It appears difficult to be both “accurate” and rugged for severe icing. Atmospheric icing: former activities EUMETNET SWS-II (2000-2003) Goal: Acquisition of meteorological data under icing conditions in Finland (Luosto), France (Mt. Aigoual) and Switzerland (Säntis) Measurement period: 1.10.2001 to 30.4.2002 Luosto, finland Conclusions and recommendations: - …. Already during the installation and test period proceeding the experiment, it was quickly recognized that the lack of adequate instruments for the characterization of ice accretion would represent a serious drawback for the whole experiment. - … it is important that more care is given within the meteorological community to produce accurate measurements under harsh conditions and to promote measurements of icing. COST 727 Main Objectives: • to develop the understanding of icing (especially in-cloud icing) and freezing rain in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) • to produce information on distribution of icing over Europe • to improve the potential to observe icing monitor icing forecast icing Participating countries Parties: list of countries and date of acceptance Country Date Country Date Country Date Country Date Austria 29/01/2004 Bulgaria 10/03/2004 Czech 20/04/20 Finland 29/01/2004 Republic 04 Germany 29/01/2004 Hungary 29/01/2004 Norway 29/01/20 Slovakia 05/04/2005 04 Spain 15/06/2004 Sweden 22/06/2004 Switzerland 15/06/20 United 15/06/2004 04 Kingdom Total: 12 Non-COST Participant: Japan (Kanagawa Institute of Technology) Phase 2: Research and Development COST 727 MEASURING AND FORECASTING ATMOSPHERIC ICING ON STRUCTURES MC Chair: Dr. A. Heimo (CH) Vice Chair: Dr. D. Nikolov(BU) WG 1 WG 2 Ice loads and forecasting Icing measurements Chair: Dr. L. Makkonen VTT (FIN) Chair: S. Fikke, Consultant (N) Vice Chair: J. Hosek (CZ) Vice Chair: G. Ronsten, WindREN AB (S) 18 members 12 members Objectives: To develop scientific understanding of icing processes together with modeling and forecasting of icing. Measurements: . To compile existing sources of icing data in Europe . To harmonize ongoing measurement programs in Europe . To fulfill the WMO/CIMO request to provide guidance for performing measurements under harsh icing conditions. To promote the development of robust, rugged icing detectors to be deployed at automatic meteorological stations as well as at other sites where icing effects may be critical. Simple sensors delivering a yes/no information are needed as well as more sophisticated instruments yielding values of ice thickness/weight, types of ice. Modelling: . To develop numerical meteorological models for icing studies with improved icing parameterizations and verification of icing models with ground-truth data. To perform climatological icing studies and mapping of icing severity COST-727 Action Phase I (2005-2006): State of the Art report The main scope of this phase was to create an inventory of earlier and current activities on icing measurements, data resources and instrument testing. The emphasis is on activities within the signatory countries, however some additional information from other countries like Russia and Canada is included as well. Measurements of icing Achieved during the last 2 years: -Based on preliminary measurements, selection of 2 « reference » sensors for the detection of ice accretion (Goodrich 0847LH1) and for the measurement of ice loads (Combitech Mk I) Principle: weighting of ice Principle: ultrasonic resonance + designed according to ISO 12494 definition + promising results + operational from the from earlier studies beginning + promising results - difficult to get it from manufacturer - design improvements (military regulations) - only little needed (e.g. oscillations) measurement data available Measurements of icing (WG2) Achieved during the last 2 years: - Based on preliminary measurements, selection of 2 « reference » sensors for the detection of ice accretion (Goodrich 0847LH1) and for the measurement of ice loads (Combitech Mk I) - Calibration of the « reference » instruments in a dedicated icing wind tunnel facility (Kanagawa Institute, Tokyo, Japan) Icing wind tunnel test in Cryospheric Environment Simulator at in Kanagawa Institute of Technology Shinjo Branch of National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention < 20m/s (with a larger test section) < 20m/s (1m by 1m test section) < 100m/s (in a smaller test section) > -25 deg. Cel. > -25 deg. Cel. Sprayers not installed all the time Measurements of icing (WG2) Achieved during the last 2 years: -Based on preliminary measurements, selection of 2 « reference » sensors for the detection of ice accretion (Goodrich 0847LH1) and for the measurement of ice loads (Combitech Mk I) - Calibration of the « reference » instruments in a dedicated icing wind tunnel facility (Kanagawa Institute, Tokyo, Japan) - Installation and operation of 6 test stations in Europe equipped with the Combitech Mk I (2007:2008) and the Goodrich 0847LH1 (2008): Luosto (Finland), Sveg (Sweden), Zinnwald (Germany), Deadwater Fell (United Kingdom), Studnice (Czech Republic) and Guetsch (Switzerland) European test stations Switzerland (Guetsch test station) Czech Republic (Studnice) Germany (Zinnwald) Luosto fell, Finland Åre, Sweden Deadwater Fell, UK Measurements of icing (WG2) Achieved during the last 2 years: -Based on preliminary measurements, selection of 2 « reference » sensors for the detection of ice accretion (Goodrich 0847LH1) and for the measurement of ice loads (Combitech Mk I) - Calibration of the « reference » instruments in a dedicated icing wind tunnel facility (Kanagawa Institute, Tokyo, Japan) - Installation and operation of 6 test stations in Europe equipped with the Combitech Mk I (2007:2008) and the Goodrich 0847LH1 (2008):