NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 RADBURN Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: Radburn Other Name/Site Number: 2. LOCATION Street & Number: N/A Not for publication: N/A City/Town: Borough of Fair Lawn Vicinity: N/A State: New Jersey County: Bergen Code: 003 Zip Code: 07410 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X Building(s): Public-Local: District: X Public-State: Site: Public-Federal: Structure: Object: Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 314 188 Buildings 2 Sites 4 Structures Objects 320 188 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 320 Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: N/A NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 RADBURN Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 4. STATE/FEDERAL AGENCY CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this ____ nomination ____ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ____ meets ____ does not meet the National Register Criteria. ____________________________________________________________________ Signature of Certifying Official Date ____________________________________________________________________ State or Federal Agency and Bureau In my opinion, the property ____ meets ____ does not meet the National Register criteria. ____________________________________________________________________ Signature of Certifying Official Date ____________________________________________________________________ State or Federal Agency and Bureau 5. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that this property is: ___ Entered in the National Register ___ Determined eligible for the National Register ___ Determined not eligible for the National Register ___ Removed from the National Register ___ Other (explain): Signature of Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 RADBURN Page 3 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 6. FUNCTION OR USE Historic: Domestic Sub: Single Dwelling, Multiple Dwelling Landscape Park, Plaza, Garden, Street Furniture Road-related, Pedestrian-related, Rail-Related Transportation School Sports Facility, Auditorium Education Specialty Store, Organizational Recreation and Culture Commerce Current: Domestic Sub: Single Dwelling, Multiple Dwelling Landscape Park, Plaza, Garden, Street Furniture Road-Related, Pedestrian-related, Rail-related Transportation School Sports Facility Education Specialty Store, Business Recreation and Culture Commerce 7. DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATION: LATE 19th & 20th Century Revivals/ Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival Modern Movement/ Art Deco MATERIALS: Foundation: Concrete Walls: Brick, Wood, Stone, Metal, Synthetics Roof: Asphalt, Slate Other: Wood, Brick, Glass, Concrete, Metal, Stone, Copper NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 RADBURN Page 4 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form Describe Present and Historic Physical Appearance. Amid the spinach fields of northern New Jersey the experimental community of Radburn germinated and established roots in 1928. Approximately 12 miles west of New York City, the open fields of the sparsely populated rural borough of Fair Lawn were well suited for the development of a large-scale “new town” by the City Housing Corporation, headed by Alexander Bing, and a team of talented designers, led by Clarence S. Stein and Henry Wright. By 1934, Radburn had reached the size of a single neighborhood unit with construction begun on a second, slightly less than half of the size envisioned in the original plan. All of the necessary elements were in place: a variety of housing types, an elementary school, a community center, a commercial plaza, and interior parks providing safe and healthy recreational space for the residents. Tangibly visible on the ground, the plan for the new community included a hierarchy of roads from perimeter roads to short cul-de-sacs, the division of land into superblocks, an interconnected system of pedestrian walkways, and spacious interior parks. The financial collapse of the City Housing Corporation in 1934, caused by the Great Depression, resulted in an incomplete town plan and the eventual sale of the surrounding land. The portion of the whole town plan that was completed remains intact and is clearly discernable from its surroundings. Originally Radburn appeared as an island of planned development surrounded by farmland. Surrounded by suburban development typical of the postwar period, the community today remains an island dominated by open parkland, mature trees and shrubs, and unified clusters of small dwellings. Although its setting has changed drastically, Radburn stands out because of the clearly defined and distinctive plan that remains imprinted on the land and its fulfillment of the garden ideal in the midst of the growing metropolis of New York City. Although derived from English garden city planning, Radburn’s distinctive plan reflects an innovation in community design that, responding to the increasing presence of the mass-produced automobile in daily life, is characteristically American. Its creation, furthermore, reflects the forward-thinking vision of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) and what scholar Kermit C. Parsons has called the “collaborative genius” of Stein and Wright and an interdisciplinary team of economic advisors and designers that represented town planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architecture.1 Located in Bergen County, New Jersey, Radburn is situated just east of the Erie Railroad and straddles Fair Lawn Avenue, a road established prior to the development of Radburn. As it exists today, Radburn is bounded generally on the west by the railroad, Owen Avenue on the northwest, Radburn Road on the northeast, Sandford Road on the southeast and Berdan Avenue on the south. The National Historic Landmark boundaries lie within this area and are limited to the three superblocks, system of streets and roads, and associated areas that had been laid out according to the “Radburn Idea” between 1928 and 1934. The boundary extends west along Fair Lawn Avenue to include the Radburn-Fair Lawn Passenger Station (1930), which was designed by Clarence Stein to serve the community and harmonize with the new town’s Colonial revival architecture. Although the community represents only a portion of the plan originally envisioned in 1928 by the RPAA, it strongly reflects the essential features for which Radburn would become internationally known: the “Town for the Motor Age”-- a unified plan featuring an innovative circulation network of roads and separate pedestrian paths, the subdivision of land into superblocks, and the clustering of reverse-fronted houses on short cul-de-sacs so that homes faced open parks and pedestrian walkways. Twenty years later in Toward New Towns for America, Clarence Stein would refer to this as the “Radburn Idea,” a concept in planning he remained a proponent of throughout 1 Kermit C. Parsons, “Collaborative Genius: The Regional Planning Association of America,” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 462-82; Lewis Mumford, “Introduction,” in Toward New Towns for America by Clarence S. Stein (1957; repr., Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966), 11-17. Together these sources provide a close look at the leadership, varied talents, and interactions of the members of the RPAA and the City Housing Corporation. NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 RADBURN Page 5 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form his career, advocating voraciously in the 1930s for its adoption as a basis for federal housing policy and continual expansion of its application to modern housing design. 2 The original plan for Radburn called for the development of three neighborhood units, each based on the Neighborhood Unit Formula developed by Clarence Perry for the Russell Sage Foundation and promoted by the Committee on the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs.3 Each neighborhood was to be made up of two superblocks, 30-50 acres in size, having its own elementary school and recreational facilities.4 Development occurred in stages, with the perimeter roads being laid out and construction of the first neighborhood (Parks A and B) north of Fair Lawn Avenue beginning in 1928. By 1934 when the City Housing Corporation went bankrupt and the original plan was abandoned, most of the house lots in Parks A and B had been developed according to the Radburn Idea, but only the perimeter roads and a small portion of Park R had been completed in the neighborhood planned south of Fair Lawn Avenue. After 1934, the development