Li l U' PAPERS half the population (about 150,000) is concentrated in the Where the exception confirms capital town and main harbour of Papeete and its suburbs, 1 the rule: The cyclones of on the island of Tahiti, which by itself carries 70% of the . inhabitants (of whom 80% are Polynesian or part 1982-1983 in French Polynesian), on slightly over one quarter of the total emerged land surface. Polynesia The local economy is dominated by Services and administrative' activities, and relies heavily on financial spin-offs from the French Nuclear Testing Centre in the Jean-Fran%oisDupon Pacific (Centre d'Expérimentation du Pacifique - CEP). France pays 70% of the Territory's expenditure. Coconut Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer plantations, pearls, fisheries and tourism are the main local 24, rue Bayard sources of income. Paris 75008 French Polynesia is well linked to the rest of the world, France- has sixteen fully equipped airports for domestic flights and an excellent telecommunications network. If necessary, the assistance of military planes and ships permanently based . The island groups of French Polynesia, which had not in the Territory may be requested. They are called out experienced any really devastating cyclones since the whenever the application of an emergency procedure beginning of the century, were hard hit several times (ORSEC Plan) is decided upon by the local Department of between December 1982 and April 1983. This paper reviews Civil Defence, as in Metropolitan France. the cost of damage from these cyclones and shows how Although the archipelagoes of French Polynesia may be lowered public awareness of the hazard in a low-frequency expected to experience tropical storms, available historical area combined with the special economic conditions records do not point to this being a high-risk zone. Various prevailing in the Territory to make the total cost much sources (Visher, 1925; Giovannelli, 1940; Teissier, 1969; higher than it need have been. Ways and means of Service Météorologique de Polynésie Française, 1979, 1982) rehabilitation are analyzed. The development of the thermal enumerate 62 known tropical depressions or cyclones as imbalance in the Pacific, which appears to have triggered having passed through the area over the past 150 years. this series of natural disasters, only seemingly exceptional, The only destructive cyclone in the 19th century about is briefly discussed. which detailed eye-witness reports are available, occurred in Key words: Cylones; French Polynesia; South Pacific; February 1878. Subsequently, three severe cyclones caused Hydroclimates; Damage; Cost; Prevention; Preparedness; close on 700 deaths in 1903, 1905 and 1906, mainly in the Rehabilitation. Tuamotu group. There appear to have been no further ones till 1966, and the few cyclones (a total of eight) recorded in the region after this date and until the recent series did not result'in any casualties nor any serious damage. INTRODUCTION During the 1982-1983 season however, nine tropical depressions, six of which reached cyclone strength (average Between December 1982 and April 1983 the archipelagoes wind speeds above 116 km/hr), moved through or skirted which make up the Territory of French Polynesia were hit French Polynesia. by a strong tropical storm and five tropical cyclones which This high frequency must be considered in relation to the caused extensive material damage and fifteen fatalities. climatic and hydroclimatic anomalies that have been This disastrous series is of special interest because, at first occurring in the tropical areas of the Pacific Ocean since glance, it appears highly exceptional: not since the 1982 and may well have facilitated cyclogenesis. beginning of the century had these island groups been (1) The oceanic area south of loos, which includes the struck by any really destructive cyclones (Fig. 1). Society and Tuamotu Islands, recorded surface water The recent cyclones seem to have originated from a temperatures exceeding by 2OC the seasonal average values. regiona1,'and possibly global, thermal imbalance, the role if The variation was greater near the equator where the not the causes of which they confirmed (NOAA-UNDRO, up-welling disappeared. 1983). y (2) A westerly current replaced the south-easterly sub- tropical current and helped the propagation of a KELVIN FRENCH POLYNESIA AND THE CYCLONE HAZARD wave. It brought warm, moist and unstable air masses from the western Pacific into the northern parts of French The 120 islands of French Polynesia are divided into four Polynesia in the second half of 1982. groups known as the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu- Gambier Archipelago, the Society Islands (Windward and (3) The intertropical convergence zone was located south of Leeward) and the Austral Islands (Fig. 1). In an oceanic the equator as early as November 1982. It merged with the area roughly equivalent to the total surtace of Europe, these secondary convergence zone of the South Pacific to form a islands barely amount to 4,000 km2 of land. More than large low pressure area lying between latitudes 10 and 15's t [email protected] EIÄ~7- &c -,s FRENCH P'OLYNESIA o e, - ' 10- 15' 15O 20' 2 o. O 126 250Km '4 TUBUAI c----l- TUBUAI e RAIVAVAE 4 *high' Island8 AUSTRAL OR Is. O atolla 155. 150' I I Fig. 1. Destructive cyclones in French Polynesia since 1900. , I 4 36 RECENT CYCLONES IN FRENCH POLYNESIA and extending from the 180th meridian to the coast of severely damaging about ten atolls and killing 515 people. South America. In Hikueru, where several hundred people from neighbour- The reasons for these hydroclimatic and synoptic ing atolls were temporarily settled in the most exposed area anomalies, which could be useful for long-term weather for the collection of mother-of-pearl shells, 377 died. Nearly forecasting, are not yet clear, despite the rapid progress of 100 people perished in Marokau, either by drowning or knowledge about oceaxdatmosphere interactions. This when the church where they had taken shelter collapsed. paper will deal only with the effects of the recent cyclones, The survival strategies used during this cyclone (people more particularly in comparison with the cyclones scrambling to higher locations, or huddling in boats previously experienced by French Polynesia. anchored in the lagoon) and the cyclone’s action and effects as described by witnesses were all again observed during the FRENCH POLYNESIA’S CYCLONE HISTORY 1983 cyclones: the prolonged flooding of the low-lying areas by the sea, the devastating action of breakers armed with Except for a few fragmentary data on earlier occurrences, debris, the washing away of all arable soil, the accumulation detailed accounts and reports by eye witnesses are available of thick layers of crushed coral (see Fig. 21, as well as the only for the 1878, 1903, 1905 and 1906 cyclones. They were floods caused by torrential rains on the “high” islands collected by Teissier (1969). It would be interesting to search (Marquesas and Society groups). the Polynesian oral tradition for clues to the prevalence of 21-25th March 1905. A cyclone of similar strength hit the atmospheric disturbances before the arrival of the northern and western atolls of the Tuamotu group (Napuka, Europeans and up to the 19th Century. Takaroa, Arutua and Apataki). It caused much damage on 64thFebruary 1878. The most severely affected area was the eastern coast of Tahiti, together with several shipwrecks, the northwestern part of Tuamotu group, and the hardest and took the lives of eight people. hit atolls were Rangiroa, Kaukura and Anaa. Several villages were destroyed by the sea., In Kaukura, the greater 7-9th February 1906. A strong, very extensive (some 350 part of the population was caught unprepared in temporary nautical miles in diameter) and fast moving cyclone affected dwellings put up in the northern part of the atoll for the a large number of atolls in the Central Tuamotus, .the copra-making season. One hundred and seventeen people northern and eastern coasts of Tahiti, the Leeward islands died. In Anaa, the village of Tuuhora was razed to the in the Society group and the Gambier islands. Out of a total ground, except for the church. It was to be destroyed again death toll of 123, all but two people were killed in or near the atolls. Shipwrecks caused 17 deaths. Everywhere, the in 1906 and 1983. heaviest damage resulted from the action of the sea. The 13-16th January 1903. A cyclone of similar force but a cyclone tide rushed a good 200 m into the centre of Papeete, greater span hit the central part of the Tuamotu group, destroying the habour facilities, a number of public Fig. 2. Coral fragments piled up by the sea in the main village on Hao atoll. Disasters/ 8/ 1/ 1984 Table 1. Characteristics of the 1982-1983 cyclones b- G- Minimum, - Wind Tuamotu Society E Tropical Storm atm. pressure maximum Marquesas Austral Deaths Injured surge Floods Wind .2D cyclone/ storm at centre gusting speed WCEG WILI Y -~ r 12-14th December \ TS 985 122-1 19 ** 2 2 Tahiti c Lisa a $ E 20-27th January TC 980 150 * ** 6 + Marquesas $ Nano t + 22-27th February 4- 6 3 Orama TC 950 . 180 * * $ 6-14th March , 5 2 + Reva TC 955,-. 180 * *. ** + 7-13th April TC 950 200 * .)c. 1 28 f Tahiti Veena 3. 4- 15-21st April TC 965 William 120 1 5 $ Total (millibars) (km/ h) ** 15 46 (a) Windward Islands Leeward Islands Tuamotu-Gambier I Marquesas 1 Most severely affected islands Lisa ***** Y***** * Bora-Bora, Raiatea, Tahiti Ua Pou, Hao, Puka, Tureia, Nukutavake, Nano f$ * E,G +++*** + Fangatau, Gambier ++ Arutua, Toau, Kaukura, Aratika, Orama * E § § § 3.4. § f N,W Manihi, Ahe, Anaa ++ Mataiva, Anaa, Hereheretue, Tematangi, Reva + + f f$* ** $$Z*f f NW,S Raiatea, Anaa, Tahiti Ouest, Moorea +++ ++ Tahiti Est, Moorea, Tikehau, Mataiva, Veena § § § + + 4- § ++ f : NW Hereheretue, Ahe, Manihi, Rangiroa Nukutavake, Vahitahi, Fakahina, Acteon, ~ William § $ * f E,G Marutea, Tatakoto, Vairaatea ---------------------- -------.