Public Disclosure Authorized Refugee Impacts on Turkana Hosts Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A Social Impact Analysis for Kakuma Town and Refugee Camp Turkana County, Kenya Varalakshmi Vemuru, Rahul Oka, Rieti Gengo, and Lee Gettler Public Disclosure Authorized Refugee Impacts on Turkana Hosts A Social Impact Analysis for Kakuma Town and Refugee Camp Turkana County, Kenya Varalakshmi Vemuru, Rahul Oka, Rieti Gengo, and Lee Gettler NOVEMBER 2016 Copyright © 2016 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved. First printing: November 2016 Manufactured in the United States of America. Cover photo: Entrepreneurial women; Photo credits (cover and text): Rahul Oka, University of Notre Dame The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affili- ated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction: The Need for Deeper Ethnographic Analysis ..................................................1 2. Goals, Objectives, and Methodology ...................................................................................5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 5 Ethnographic Research ............................................................................................................. 6 Psychosocial Stress and Anthropometric Surveys in the Turkana Host Community ................. 7 Expectations and Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 11 Caveats and Study Limitations ................................................................................................ 13 3. Historical Context of Turkana County and Kakuma Refugee Camp .....................................15 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Transitions: From Rulers to Ruled, from Pacified to Excluded ....................................................................................................... 15 Kakuma Refugee Camp, 1992–2015 ....................................................................................... 21 4. Interactions at Kakuma ..................................................................................................... 27 Narratives ............................................................................................................................... 29 Interactions and Narratives .................................................................................................... 40 External Factors and Narratives of Suffering, Resilience, and Dignity .................................... 43 Perceptions as Outcomes ....................................................................................................... 44 5. Measuring Impacts ........................................................................................................... 47 Measuring Nutritional and Psychosocial Well-Being Among the Turkana .............................. 47 Body Mass Index .................................................................................................................... 49 Sum of Skinfolds ..................................................................................................................... 51 Psychosocial Stress ................................................................................................................. 56 6. Gender-Differentiated Norms, Dynamics, and Constraints at Kakuma ...............................63 Gendered Vulnerability and Structural Violence among Turkana Men of Kakuma ................ 65 Gender-Based Violence and Structural Violence among the Turkana Women of Kakuma .... 67 iii iv CONTENTS 7. Devolution, Oil, and Water: Perspectives and Narratives on Underdevelopment, Recent Discoveries, and Structural Changes ...................................................................... 73 Narratives and Responses to Devolution, Oil, and Water ...................................................... 74 Feedback between Emergent and Previous Narratives .......................................................... 76 Narrative Summary ................................................................................................................ 77 8. Modeling the Pathways of Interactions and the Complex Impacts of Refugees on Host Communities ....................................................................................................... 79 Narrative-Interaction Model for Refugee–Host Relationship ................................................. 81 Bringing It Together ................................................................................................................ 82 Finding 1: History, Experience, Narratives, and Interactions Shape One Other ...................... 83 Finding 2: Complex Interactions ............................................................................................. 83 Finding 3: Refugees Have A Net Positive Impact on Turkana Hosts at Kakuma ...................... 84 Finding 4: Variations Underlying Positive and Negative Impacts............................................ 85 Finding 5: Turkana Attitudes, Evaluations, and Hopes ............................................................ 85 9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 87 References .............................................................................................................................. 91 Appendixes ............................................................................................................................. 95 A Mean and Variation of Body Mass Index and Sum of Skinfolds .......................................... 97 B Regression of Body Fat Percentage for Women and Men ................................................ 105 C Worry Codes for Principal Component Analysis ............................................................... 109 D Regression of Sum of Skinfolds Tests ................................................................................ 111 E Background Paper: The Future of Kakuma’s Youth—Opportunities and Challenges ........ 115 F Background Paper: Gender Dynamics in Turkana County and Kakuma Refugee Camp ................................................................................................................... 145 G Background Paper: Implications of a Changing Social Order and Structures for Peace and Development ............................................................................................. 169 H Background Paper: Opportunities for Sustainable Livelihoods .......................................... 199 I Background Paper: Socioeconomic Mapping and Analysis of Kakuma .............................. 229 Boxes H.1 The Myth of Atanayeche ................................................................................................... 201 H.2 Building a Herd .................................................................................................................. 204 H.3 The Rise and Fall of Herd Size ............................................................................................ 209 H.4 Profile of a Small Shop Owner ........................................................................................... 211 H.5 Profile of a Business Woman ............................................................................................. 212 CONTENTS v Figures 3.1 Population of Kakuma Refugee Camp (1993–2016) ............................................................ 25 4.1 Perceptions of Interactions with Refugees Among the Turkana by Age and Gender ......... 41 4.2 Proportion of Host Community Reporting Negative (Nonviolent) Refugee Impacts ........... 44 4.3 Proportion of Host Community Members Reporting Refugee Violence or Mistreatment ....................................................................................................................... 45 4.4 Proportion of Host Community Members Reporting Positive Refugee Impacts ................. 46 5.1a Average SSF for Men and Women across Turkana County .................................................. 52 5.1b Average SSF for Young, Middle-aged, and Older Women Across Turkana County .............. 52 5.1c Average SSF for Young, Middle-aged, and Older Men across Turkana County .................... 52 5.2 Average BFP Across Sites ..................................................................................................... 55 5.3 Worries Among the Host Community in Kakuma, Disaggregated