Innovation & Experience. Hydrogen Technology and Infrastructure. Thomas Zorn 1 The Linde Group: History 1879 Foundation of “Linde Eismaschinen 1991 Acquisition of company AG” in Wiesbaden, Germany Technoplyn, Czech Republic 1895 Carl von Linde patents “process of air 2000 Acquisition of gas company AGA, liquefaction ” Sweden 1907 Foundation of Linde Air Products, USA 2006 Acquisition of BOC, Great Britain. Linde becomes The Linde Group. 1929 Acquisition of Güldner-Motoren- Gesellschaft (Diesel engine) 2012 Acquisition of Lincare, USA. 1959 Linde starts production of forklifts 2013 Globally Leading Industrial Gas and Engineering Company 2 Mega trend: Growth markets > 100 countries, 63’ people and € 16.7 Bn revenue (2013) Market leader in 4 out of 5 Growth markets Market size estimates [€bn] Mature markets #1 Eastern Europe ~40 ~53 #1 Greater China 2013 2020 2013-2020 CAGR: ~4% #1 South & East Asia #2 South America Growth markets ~35 ~19 #1 South Africa 2013 2020 #1 to #3 positions Other positions No major activity 2013-2020 CAGR: ~9% Source: Linde data May 2013, figures for industrial gases and respiratory healthcare, excl. Japan, equipment and major impacts out of future mega-projects in energy/environment 3 Mega trends Leveraging growth with our Gases & Engineering set-up Growth Markets Energy & Environment Healthcare 4 Technology portfolio Clean energy growth markets for Linde Merchant Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) — Oil vs. NG — Maturing spread oil fields — CO2 reduction — High oil prices Carbon Capture & Storage / Usage H2 as fuel — Regulations — Zero emissions — Funding — Drive — Coal reserves performance CO2 Networks Photovoltaic — Increasing need — Environmental for CO2 recycling impact — Integrated — Efficiency- solutions driven 3 Technology portfolio August 2013 5 Application areas for Hydrogen as fuel and Linde’s experience Focus areas Passenger cars Public transport Material handling Backup power —> 100 stations —> 10 stations —> 15 stations —> 10 units delivered delivered delivered delivered — > 120.000 — > 30.000 — > 1 000.000 fuellings fuellings fuellings Linde‘s Linde‘s experience Maritime Aviation Portable power Advanced customer applications —2 stations —Supply of pilot —Early market —Multiple projects delivered projects —Economical implemented —Ferry and —Market advantages submarines studies Linde‘s Linde‘s experience 6 FCEV: Project Pipelines Today 2003-09 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Start of 1000 iX35 FCEV 10.000 p. a. 30.000 p. a. 100.000 p. a. 100 Tucson iX FC series production 100 FCEV adv. <= 10.000 p.a. Joint Joint R&D 100 BMW 7 Series H2 200 FCX Clarity <= 1.000 Joint Joint R&D 110 Equinox 200 B-Class F-Cell 100.000 p.a. 30 FCEVs Commercialization of Ford FCEVs Joint Joint R&D 20 X-Trail FCVs Commercialization of Nissan FCEVs 65 ROEWE 750 5 Tiguan HyMotion 20 Panda HyTran 307 CC FySiPAC 7 Forming of OEM alliances for FC-development 20XX = Market introduction 2017 = Alliance 2017 2020 2015 2017 2020 2015 2020 2014/15 8 Milestones 2012/2013 - OEMs which actively work on FCEVs represent 66 % of today’s world market Market share by volume, 2011 GM 11% Others VW 34% 11% 10% Toyota 2% SAIC 2% 8% BMW 3% Hyundai Daimler 4% 4% 7% Renault 6% Ford Honda Nissan Source: "WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION OICA correspondents survey WORLD RANKING OF MANUFACTURERS Year 2011“, OICA 9 Today numerous initiatives are ongoing in USA, Europe, and Japan. SHHP, Scandinavia - HyNor - Hydrogen Sweden - H2 Link, Denmark California Fuel Cell CEP Germany H2M UK Partnership H2MobilityGermany HySUT H2M Netherlands H2M France JHFC H2M Switzerland H2 USA North America Europe Asia - Hot Spot California: - Hot Spot Germany: Focus of - Hot Spot Japan & Korea: Focus CARB Advanced Clean Cars German OEMs due to funding of OEMs due to funding Program / ZEV regulations structure (NIP/CEP) structure (METI) - Various other projects in UK, - China fast follower (?) H2as fuel - First commercial market for utility fleet vehicles (FLT) Benelux, Scandinavia, etc. -California H2 Stations Road Map: - 50 HFS Program of BMVBS (NIP) - Japanese HySUT Program By 2016: 68 stations. By 2015: 100 stations - EU: Clean Power for Transport Directive, Alternative Fuels - Korean HFS roll-out scenario H2infra. Strategy 10 Linde covers the entire hydrogen value chain with in-house technology & developments Production Supply/Storage Compression/Transfer Dispenser CGH2 storage Conventional LH2 storage Ionic compressor (e.g. SMR) 350 bar Decentralization Onsite SMR 700 bar Green (e.g., BtH*, Ely) Onsite Electrolysis Cryo pump * Biomass to Hydrogen 11 Hydrogen production: Variety of feedstock allows for a broad diversification and CO2 reduction. Conventional Renewable Grid electricity Wind/Water/Solar power Electrolysis Chemical processes Biological metabolism Biological processes (e.g. algae) By product H2 Biomass gasification Coal gasification Bioliquid reforming Solid biomass (e.g. wood) Coal Steam methane reforming Liquid biomass (e.g. glycerol) Natural gas Biogas (e.g. landfill-, sewage gas) 12 Hydrogen production pathways Focus: Intermittent power to hydrogen Basic flow chart: Wind to hydrogen Wind power Grid Electrolysis & Compression Dispenser Application / Usage Vattenfall HafenCity, Hamburg Vattenfall HafenCity, Hamburg 13 Milestones 2014 Opening of power to gas & multi energy station § Total, Linde and Enertrag erect a hydrogen refuelling station including electrolysis from windpower and a trailer filling plant at the new Berlin airport. § Electrolysis provided by Enertrag (500 kWel; hydrogen output ~100 Nm³/h or 9 kg/h) § Hydrogen fuelling station operated by Total (350/700 bar; cars and buses) § Linde will built ionic compression, storage and trailer filling plant to take off excess hydrogen or Key facts Key supply additional hydrogen § Funding via National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 07/12/2015 14 Linde’s advanced hydrogen fuelling technologies The Ionic Compressor The Cryo Pump - High throughput of 35 kg/h @ 900 bar1 - Very high throughput of up to 120 kg/h @ 900 bar - Energy consumption reduced by 25%² - Energy consumption reduced by 70%² - Very small number of moving parts (liquid piston) - Hydrogen with highest purities - Reduced wear and long service life - No additional cooling system - Four times longer maintenance intervals* - High reliability, little maintenance effort and low costs - Fulfils industry standard SAE J 2601 - Fulfils industry standard SAE J 2601 1 For one system. Modular setup allows for higher throughputs. ² In comparison to a conventional piston compressor 15 Progress in Hydrogen fuelling station technology development: Example Footprint Ionic compressor, 700bar station 2009 2012 —20 kg/h system, 30ft to 36 kg/h 14ft container (potentially 72 kg/h) —First implementation: — Total, Berlin — Total, Hamburg Cryopump, 700bar station 2009 2013 —120 kg/h system —30ft container to 20ft container —First implementation: Daimler/Linde 20 HFS The next step in space saving: underground storage 16 Content 1. The Linde Group & Clean Energy 2. Linde’s Hydrogen Value Chain 3. Innovation & Experience in Hydrogen Refueling 4. Reference Hydrogen Refueling Stations 17 Linde hydrogen refueling solutions. Reference projects prove technological maturity. Linde reference projects Key learnings OMV, Stuttgart TOTAL/CEP, Berlin AC Transit, SFO Bay — Technological maturity reached — High level of standardization reached Shell/CEP, Berlin Linde Hydrogen Center Munich Zero Regio, Frankfurt — Standardized fueling protocol — Common fueling interface — User-friendly fueling process Key facts — 3 min / fueling — More than 100 hydrogen stations equipped in 15 countries — Touch & feel like con- ventional stations — More than 1 000,000 successful fuelings — Integration into exist-ing — Leading supplier of hydrogen fueling technologies infrastructure 18 Hydrogen Trailer 500 bar. Project description — 2010: start of development of a new high-pressure tube trailer composed of modern carbon fiber- wrapped cylinder — Extension of existing filling plant with modern compression technology from Linde for 500 bar — 50% public funding from German government Progress and Status Te c hni c a l Da t a —Trailer on the road since June 2013 — No. of composite cylinders: 100 — Operating pressure: 500 bar — > 45.000 kg successfully delivered to customer — Hydrogen capacity: 1.100 kg 13.000 Nm³ —> 40 fillings at 500 bar — Loading/unloading time: 45-60 min —Technical requirements: met as specified 19 Green hydrogen Alternative feedstocks and processes Renewable Excess Biogenous Pathways Electricity Electricity Wind power Waste gas1 Lignocellulosic Algae Feedstock biomass3 Excess electricity in electrical grid Biogas2 Solar power 5 Process Biological Steam Methane Gasification 4 Reformer metabolism Electrolysis Renewable hydrogen 1 E.g. sewage gas, landfill gas, mine gas, etc. 2 With e.g. energy maize, liquid manure, etc. as feedstock for biogas production 3 Mainly solid biomass like woody biomass, straw, solid & lignocellulosic by-products 4 Either direct H2 production or alternatively NH3 generation as H2 carrier 5 Algae biomass can be used as feedstocks for gasification and fermentation theoretically 20 DLR Cologne, test facility In operation since December 2012 21 Linde & Daimler invest in 20 additional fuelling stations (as part of the 50 HFS program) Key facts Distribution of stations (preliminary) —Initiative by Daimler and Linde —Bridge the gap between demonstration (CEP) and commercialization (H2 Mobility)