53 CHAPTER III THE MEANING OF METAPHOR IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S POEMS In this chapter, the researcher present the finding and discussion from the second research question. This chapter is explaining the meaning of metaphor in Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems. There are two sections in this chapter. The first section is describes the meaning of metaphor in every poem. The second section is discussing of the meaning in every metaphor in each poems. There are nine poems of Edgar Allan Poe that is analyzed in this section. 3.1Research Finding After analyzing the data of Edgar Allan Poe’s poems, the researcher have been finding many types of metaphor. In this section, the researcher explained the meaning of metaphor in each poem. Edgar Allan Poe has created many poems in his life. All of his poems are phenomenal in around Shakespeare world. In this section, the researcher present nine poems that have full of meaning. Some poems are: The Raven, A Dream within A Dream, Annabel Lee, Dreams, Dreamland, Alone, Evening Star, Serenade, A Valentine and Eldorado. Poe's best-known fiction works are Gothic,a genre that he followed to appease the public taste. His the most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism that Poe strongly disliked.He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on Boston Common,and ridiculed their writings as "metaphorrun mad,”lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake". Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike Transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them". Beyond horror, Poe also wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate 54 the reader from cultural conformity. "Metzengerstein" is the first story that Poe is known to have published and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre. Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Balloon-Hoax".Poe wrote much of his work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market tastes. To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudoscience, such as phrenology and physiognomy (see Appendix 1) 3.1.1 The Raven The Raven is one of the most famous American poems ever. Poe uses several metaphors to make beautiful poems. In this poem, Poe chose Beautyto be the theme of the poem since the beauty is the sole legitimate area of the poem (Poe: 1850). After choosing beauty as the area of Poe’s poems, He considered Sadness to be the highest manifestation of beauty. Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. This poem also involvedMelancholy that thus the most legitimate of all the poetic tones (Poe: 150). Poe chose Death as a topic of this poem. All of the melancholy topics, Poe wanted to uses the one that have universally understood. Therefore, Poe chose Death as a topic in the raven poem. Poe and other writers believed that death of beautiful woman was the most poetical use of death, because it closely allies itself with Beauty. In this poems, Poe has been builds the tension stanza by stanza. The raven is builds as a symbol the sadness of narrator that have been left by his lover. It makes narrator sad throughout his life. This poem told about the narrator that is sitting in his room. Half reading, half falling asleep and trying to forget his lost love named Lenore when suddenly hears something knocking at the door. That is time was midnight on a December evening. The Raven disturbsthe narrator out of the window. Then, the raven settles on a statue above the door. The narrator felt that someone or something that is knocking the door was Lenore. However, when he opened the window, he felt surprised saw The Raven that have eyes like demon in front of the narrator (see appendix 3). 55 Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he really followed this system, however. T. S. Eliot said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."[103] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization" Poe’s “The Raven “ Metaphors The silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (P.1.S3.L13) Source domain : silken Target domain : sad In this sentence, the author described silken sad like a human. This sentence refer to fear of Poe that in one room and heard the rustling of curtain as a fantastic terror in order to Poe mentions it as silken sad in this poem.The word “silken sad” refer to ontological metaphor. Ontological metaphorsare adding the qualities of human to what is not human. Silken is source domain because it is abstract and sad is something that related with feel that is sadness. Silken sad metaphor because we do not know how silken sad. It could be a demonic movement of the curtains, which would cause even the most stalwart individual to mutter to himself, or the speaker could be crazy. All my soul within me burning (P.1.S6.L1) Source domain :soul Target domain :burning 56 In this metaphor, soulbecome source domain because it is abstract while burning is something that burned, it is clear. Soul within me burning is metaphor because Burning is not match with fire. In this line, the narrator felt worse than ever. He is not comforted at all for coming the raven. The arrival of the raven make the narrator fear and he like burned. In this metaphor, the narrator with his burning soul is going through some rough times here. Overall, in this metaphor the narrator feeling tortured. The word “soul within me burning” includes implicit metaphor because this metaphor have borrowed name to it, whichis not authorized. Fiery eyes now burned into my bosom’s core (P.1.S12.L2) Source domain :eyes Target domain :fiery In this metaphor,eyes as source domain and fieryas target domain because it is abstract. In this metaphor, “Fiery eyes” is metaphor because fiery is not burned and used for parable because fire just for burn. In this line, the narrator told about his feeling. He thinks and imagines that the fiery eyesof the fowl as burned his bosom’s core. In this metaphor, the narrator ponders how the narrator will nevermore see Lenore. The word of “fiery eyes now burned” includes implicit metaphor. 3.1.2 A Dream within A Dream A Dream within A Dream published in 1849. This poem examines the subtleties of time, the perception and of it and its effect. In this poem implies that time is slipping away tricking like a “sand” and implies that our existence is unsubstantial just an abstraction of the mind. This poem told about the narrator who experiencing depths of dispiritedness and despair. The narrator explores the differences between the real and the imaginary. This poem focuses on the passing of time as perceived through reflection at or near of one’s life. In the fullness of time, the live of our life appear as dreams, fleeting and futile. 57 Such many other poems, A Dream within A Dream uses the sea as a setting for a discussion of death and decompose. In this poem, the narrator takes the idea of a daydream. So, the narrator’s perception of reality occurs at two degrees of detachment away from reality. The narrator makes this poem with many abstract words. This poem reflects upon Poe as narrator through the dream medium and the narrator could not distinguish causality in his perception. Poe’s “A Dream within A Dream” Metaphors Yet if hope has flown away (P.2.S1.L6) Source domain :hope Target domain :flown away In this metaphor, hope is source domain and flown away as target domain. This sentence is metaphor because, flown away can used for anything such bird and other. But here, flown away is used for hope in which the narrator is not have hope. This metaphor includes standard metaphor.This line tells the narrator is not ready to hit the road just yet because he has a few more cryptic remarks for his friend. The narrator making metaphor in this line with written“if hope has flown away” that means his hope flies away when his girlfriend is gone. This line tells the sadness of narrator that leave by his girlfriend. He said that everything he done is not important, if someone would leave him. This metaphor includes standard metaphor in which hopes is lost. Of a surf-tormented shore (P.2.S2.L2) Source domain :shore Target domain :tormented “shore” is a source domain because it is a place while “tormented” is target domain because it is abstract. This line is metaphor exactly extended 58 metaphor because those that make one central subject and add to sub-multiple comparison.