Farmland heterogeneity effects on biodiversity, community traits and insect pollination Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doktor rerum naturalium“ Der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm „Biodiversität und Ökologie“ der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Annika Louise Haß aus Berlin Göttingen, März 2018 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke, Agroecology, G.-A.-Universität Göttingen PD Dr. Péter Batáry, MTA ÖK Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group Prof. Dr. Yann Clough, Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Referent: Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke, Agroecology, G.-A.-Universität Göttingen 1. Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Yann Clough, Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University 2. Koreferent: PD Dr. Péter Batáry, MTA ÖK Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommssion: Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wiegand, Ecosystem Modelling, G.-A.-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, G.-A.- Universität Göttingen PD Dr. Klaus Hövemeyer, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, G.-A.- Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15.05.2018 “The more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe about us the less taste we shall have for the destruction of our race.” Rachel Carson Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes .......................................................... 5 Pollinators and pollination services ..................................................................................................... 7 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 10 The FarmLand project .................................................................................................................... 10 Landscape selection ....................................................................................................................... 10 Data collection ............................................................................................................................... 11 References ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1 Increasing crop diversity and increasing field size enhance multidiversity across agricultural regions ............................................................................................................................. 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 20 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. 30 Author’s contributions ....................................................................................................................... 30 References ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Supporting Information ..................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2 Configurational and compositional heterogeneity of farmland heterogeneity affect trait composition of flower-visiting and predacous arthropods ................................................... 68 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 69 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 70 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 72 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 76 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 82 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 84 Author’s contributions ....................................................................................................................... 84 References ......................................................................................................................................... 84 Supporting Information S1 ................................................................................................................. 88 Supporting Information S2 ............................................................................................................... 105 1 Chapter 3 Landscape configurational heterogeneity by small-scale agriculture, not crop diversity, maintains pollinators and plant reproduction in western Europe ............................. 110 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 111 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 112 Material and Methods ..................................................................................................................... 114 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 119 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 123 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 126 Author’s Contributions .................................................................................................................... 126 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 126 References ....................................................................................................................................... 127 Supporting Information ................................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 4 Maize dominated landscapes reduce bumble bee colony growth through pollen diversity loss....................................................................................................................................... 155 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 156 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 157 Material and methods ..................................................................................................................... 159 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 163 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 166 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 168 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 169 References ....................................................................................................................................... 169 Supporting Information ................................................................................................................... 173 Synthesis ............................................................................................................................................