Introduction into the cardiovascular system anatomy THE BRANCHES OF THE AORTIC ARCH The part of the anatomy studying vessels carried the name angiology. The blood and lymphatic vascular systems have following functions: - transport, - integrative, - exchange, - protective, - immune. Cardiovascular system anatomy Cardiovascular system anatomy The main components of blood system include 4 main structural components: - heart, - arterial channel, - hemamicrocircular channel, - venous channel. "Artery" (from Greek "containing air") is a blood vessel carries blood in the direction from the heart to organs. (arteries are vessels with centrifugal current of blood) The wall of arteries of all gages is presented by 3 covers: 1) Intima (the most internal) 2) Media is an average cover. 3) Advention is the external connective tissue cover, containing vessels of vessels and nerves of vessels The existence of three covers, own vessels and nerves at an artery allows to consider each artery as an organ. Depending on the relationship of smooth muscles and elastic elements we can allocate three types of the arteries: • arteries of elastic type (an aorta, a pulmonary trunk, the common iliac, common carotid – the largest arteries), • arteries of the mixed type (external and internal carotid and iliac, axillary, mesenteric, renal, coronal arteries) • and arteries of muscular type (all another art.). Major arteries of the systemic circulation AORTA The largest artery of the person is the aorta. The aorta origins at the left ventricle of the heart. • It has following parts: -The ascending aorta. The ascending aorta branches are the left and right coronary arteries (only!). -The aortic arch. It is divided into three major arteries: •the brachiocephalic trunk •the left common carotid artery •the left subclavian artery. - The descending aorta. The descending aorta is broken down into two parts – the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta, which are named according the body cavities that it passes through. AORTA AORTA AORTA !!! Posterior view !!! Lateral view Schematic flowchart The AORTIC ARCH The AORTIC ARCH It is divided into three major arteries: •the brachiocephalic trunk •the left common carotid artery •the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk is divided into right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery behind the right sternoclavical joint. !!!!! Thus we receive the common carotid artery and the subclavian artery from each side! They have one and the same branches on each side. The common carotid artery It divides into on final branches: the internal and the external carotid arteries. In a place of its division there is a local expansion which is called the carotid sinus (it is a hemoretseptor’s zone which is innervated by one of the IX pair branches of the cranial nerves) The EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The external carotid artery The external carotid artery gives three groups of the branches: anterior, middle and posterior. a) The anterior group has three branches: - facial artery, - lingual artery, - superior thyroid artery; b) The middle group includes: - superficial temporal artery, - ascending pharyngeal artery, - maxillary artery; c) The posterior group includes: - occipital artery, - posterior auricular artery, - sternocleidomastoid branch. The external and internal carotid arteries The external carotid artery The external carotid artery The external carotid artery The superior thyroid artery supplies -the thyroid gland, - the parathyroid glands, -the infrahyoid group of the muscles. - besides, before the thyroid gland it gives away the superior laryngeal artery (to the larynx). The superior thyroid artery The lingual artery supplies -the tongue, -the sublingual salivary gland, -the muscles of the mouth diaphragm. The facial artery passes to the medial angle of the eye, this finished branch receives the name the angular artery. Before it’s entrance to the face the facial artery supplies • the submandible salivary gland, • the soft palate, • the muscles of the mouth diaphragm, • the palatine tonsil gland and palatine arches. On the face it provides the blood supply of • the skin of face, • the all facial muscles. It’s most large branches are the superior and inferior labial arteries. • !PA! The finished branch of the facial artery, the angular artery, in the area of the angle of eye anastomoses with the dorsal artery of the nose (the branch of the ophthalmic artery from the system of the internal carotid artery). The facial artery The ascending pharyngeal artery supplies -the pharynx, -the deep muscles of the neck, - the tympanic cavity, - the auditory tube. The superficial temporal artery is a one of the terminal branch of the e.c.a. In this area it is divided into two branches: the frontal branch and the parietal branch. The superficial temporal artery supplies •the parotid salivary gland, •the auricular and the external acoustic meatus, •the skin and muscles of the frontal, parietal and temporal areas. The maxillary artery is an another terminal branch of the e.c.a. It has three sections: 1. the mandibular section is a part of this artery internally (кнутри) to mandibular branch (ramus). This section gives out: 1.1. the inferior alveolar artery (supplies inferior teeth, gums, soft tissues of the cheek and mental area). The finished part of this artery is called the mental artery; 1.2. the middle meningeal artery is the biggest artery which supplies the dura mater of the brain (it passes into the cranial cavity through the spinous foramen); The maxillary artery 2. the pterygoid section correspondences to the subtemporal fossa. It gives out the next branches: - the muscles branches to the all masseterical muscles, -the posterior superior alveolar artery to the maxilla teeth and gums, to the maxillary sinus. The maxillary artery 3. the pterygopalatine section is located into the same fossa. It is divided into the following branches: - the infraorbital artery. It goes through the inferior orbital fissure into the orbit, then goes to the face through the infraorbital canal and supplies the facial muscles and skin of this area and nose and inferior eyelid. This artery sends the anterior superior alveolar artery to the maxilla teeth and gums. - the descending palatine artery singles out a thin artery of the pterygoid canal and nourishes the superior part of the pharynx and the acoustic tube, the hard palate. - the sphenopalatine artery goes to the nasal cavity through the foramen of the same name and supplies the mucous membrane of this cavity. The maxillary artery The maxillary artery The posterior group The occipital artery passes internally to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and ends in the occipital skin. It supplies the soft tissues of the occipital area, the external ear. The posterior auricular artery goes slanting and down. It suppliea the external ear, the external acoustic meatus. The sternocleidomastoid artery supplies the correspondence muscle. The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY • The ICA has no branches on the neck. • It supplies the brain and eye. • It passes through the carotid canal (the temporal bone!). Into cranial cavity it leaves the temporal bone (carotid canal in temporal bone!) through the internal opening of canal and then it lies in the carotid sulcus. The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY There are some following branches of the i.c.a.: 1. Ophthalmic artery passes into the orbit through the optic canal together the optic nerve. The artery is placed near the medial wall of the orbita. This artery supplies: - the retina of eye (a. central retinal artery), - the vascular tunic (short and long ciliary artery), - the lacrimal gland (lacrimal artery), - the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity (ant. and post. ethmoidal artery), - the upper and lower eyelids - the soft tissues of the forehead. Ophthalmic artery Ophthalmic artery PA!!! One of the final branch of the ophthalmic artery receives the name the dorsal nasal artery. In region of the medial angle of the eye the dorsal nasal artery anastomoses with the angular artery of the facial artery. 2. Anterior cerebral artery leaves the i.c.a. hardly above the origin of the ophthalmic artery and goes forward above the optic nerve. Then every anterior cerebral artery lies on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, goes up, rounds the corpus callosum in front and goes on its upper surface back and reaches the occipital lobe of the brain. A.C.A. supplies the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain. Both a.c.a. connect together by the anterior communicating artery, which passes transversely. 3. The middle cerebral artery is the biggest branch of the i.c.a. It turns on lateral and up and goes in the lateral sulcus of the brain. It provides the blood supply of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. 4.The posterior communicating artery goes a way of the i.c.a., then goes back and medial and units with the posterior cerebral artery, which is a one of the final branch of the basilar artery from subclavian artery system. Anterior and middle cerebral arteries Anterior and posterior communicating arteries PA!!! The internal carotid artery together with its branches (the anterior cerebral artery and the posterior communicating artery) anastomosing with of the same arteries of the opposite side and with the posterior cerebral arteries (from the basilar artery of the subclavian artery system) forms the arterial circle of the brain (circle of Willis). Arterial circle of the brain (circle of Willis) Arterial circle of the brain (circle of Willis) Arterial circle of the brain (circle of Willis) variants The SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY The subclavian artery is a pair artery. It is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and of the aortic arch on the left side. The subclavian artery leaves the thorasic cavity through the upper aperture, rounds the pleural cupula and lungs apex. Then it passes under the clavicle to the first rib and passes into interscalen space between the anterior and posterior scalenus muscles.