P,roc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 92, Number 2, April 1983, pp. 81 --213. ~)Printed in India A revised list of the agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes from India andNepal B MANJULA Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Madras 600 005, India MS received 13 December 1982 Abr~rtmt. Mostof the knowledgeof Agaricales of the Indian subcontinent was based upon Berkeley's desc¡ of the collections made by Sir J D Hooker, mostly in Sikkim and the Khasi Hills. These specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Recent years have wimessed a fundamental change in agaric taxonomy, with a major emphasis being placed on microstrticture. It has therefore become necessary to re-evaluate the early species of Berkeley and to ascertain their microstructure. The present study is ah attempt towards this end. In addition, the nomenciature of all published records of the Indian agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes has been revised and a modern check-list, together with keys to the species, is presented. Keywords. Taxonomicrevision of type material : 28 Com. Nov.; 22 syn. nov.; Agaricales; Boletales. 1. Introduction The first attempt to provide a complete list of fungi reported from India was published by Butler and Bisby (1931). This was revised by Vasudeva (1960) who extended the" list to include all species reported from India up to the end of 1952. Although Vasudeva's list (1960) remains the standard work, scveral additional lists have appeared (Mundkur 1938; Ramakrishnan and Subramanian 1952; Subramanian and Ramakrishnan 1958; Subramanian and Tyagi 1964; Tandon and Chandra 1964; Tilak and Rao 1968; Mukerji and Juneja 1974; Bilgrami et al 1979). In ali cases the classification adopted followed the early arrangement provided by Saccardo (1882-1931). In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the Agaricales of India and, in addition, the advance of agaric taxonomy has rendered the Saccardoan classification largely obsolete. There is an urgent need for an updated list with a revised classification: the present paper attempts to fulfil this need. It includes all reliable records from the Republic of India (Map 1) and the Kingdom of Nepal, but does not include the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan of the Republic of Sri Lanka. Further, it does not include records of species for which no descriptive data have been provided, e.g. Sathe and Rahalkar (1975, 1978) and Sathe and Sasangan (1977). The Indian subcontinent comprises a vast landmass covering 3,268,090 sq km lying between latitudes 8-37ON and longitudes 68-97~ It is isolated from the test of Asia by the mountain ranges of the Himalayas in the North. Geographically, four main regions may be defined: (a) the Himalayas, representing the highest mountain system in the world, extends across northern India from west to east. Much of the early collecting of Indian agarics was undertaken in the foothills of the Himalayas, ~specially in Darjeeling, Khasia Hills and Simla. Relatively low temperatures ate recorded in these hill stations, which have an annual mean temperature of 12-14oc. 81 82 B Manjula xA.~~zl MAPI ~at~w,w \, xlcmu~ The mycoflora is therefore decidedly temperate in its composition, and many species familiar to the north temperate regions of Europe and North America ate to be found there. (b) Indo-Gangetic Plain, covers 643,700 sq km formed by the river basins of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra. This area is largely tropical with a mean annual temperature of 26~ Much of the region experiences a high rainfall, especially in Meghalaya where, in Cherrapunji, a maximum annual rainfall of 10800 mm has been recorded. In Assam a tropical rain-forest vegetation exists, elements of which ate shown to have affinities with the forests of Kerala in the lar South. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is an area of high population and extensive culti- vation and so little collecting of fleshy fungi has been undertaken, apart from Assam and the Calcutta region of West Bengal. (c) The Indian "Desert, is a region to the north-west of India, covering Rajasthan, having minimum rainfall and few fleshy fungi. (d) Deccan Plateau, (of PenŸ plateau), is the oldest landmass in India. In the north it is bordered by the Vindhya Mountains, with an altitudinal range of 450-1220 m, and is separated from the Arabian Sea coast and the Bay of Bengal coast by the Westem Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively. The Ghats have an altitudinal range of around 500-650 m. The Western and Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu State, where fairly extensive collecting of Agaricales has been undertaken. In the areas of higher elevation, a sub-temperate mycoflora is to be found, whilst in Kerala the fungus flora shows-much closer affinities to that of Sri Agaricoid and boletoid basidiom)icetes 83 Lanka. The plains of Southern India experience periods of high temperature and humidity. The climate of India is govemed by the tropical monsoon, ostablishing three seasons, a period of cool conditions from November to February, a hot season from March to June, anda rainy season from June to October. Best collecting of the fleshy agarics is achieved during the early days of the early monsoon period. The following account is divided into two parts. Part Iis a taxonomic revision of a number of species, especially those described by Berkeley and Massee. New infor- mation obtained from a study of the type material is presented. Part II is a list of the genera and species arranged taxonomically according to the clas.sification of Singer (1975) for the Agaricales, Pegler and Young (1979) for the Russulales and Pegler and Young (1981) for the Boletales. Twenty-eight new combinations are proposed and 22 taxa have been reduced to synonymy. Five hundred and thirty-eight species are recognised, arranged in 115 genera and 20 families. Part I. A revision of the Indian type material deposited in the herbarlum, Royal Botanieal Gardens, Kew This is a taxonomic revision of type material mostly described by Berkeley and Massee, and now deposited in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Many of these collections are accompanied by water-colour illustrations provided by the original collector. In the case of species described by Berkeley, the coUections and paintings were provided by Sir J D Hooker. The species are arranged alphabeti- cally according to their epithet. Wherever possible additional information on the microcharacters is given and Iine drawings are provided for both the overall habit and microstructures. The structures of the hymenium, pileipellis and the spores were examined by mo,mting in ten per cent potassium hydroxide solution and/or Melzer's reagent, and drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida attachment. Agaricus adelphus Berk. in Hooker J. Bot. 2 47 (1850); Armillaria adelpha (Berk.) Sacc., Syll Fung. 5 84 (1887) Type: Darjeeling, on dead wood, alt. 2286 m (7500 ft). May 1848, Hooker fil. 47 cura icon. The accompanying water-colour illustration shows two basidiomes with depressed to infundibuliform pilei, 2-3 cm diameter, pale pinkish buff with smaU vinaceous brown, floccose squamules. The slender stipe is reddish brown, and glabrous, and the decurrent lamellae are pale pinkish brown. The spores, 8-9.5 • 5-6.3 lam, are ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth and thin-waUed. The pileal squamules comprise elongate, inflated elements, 35-55 • 9-12 lam, with a slightly thickened wall and brownish contents, with catenulate arrangement. The characters are typical of an annulate species ofArmillaria (Fr. ex Fr.) Staude closely approachingA, omnituens (Berk.) Sacc., also described from Darjeeling (figures 8, 9). Agaricus alliciens Berk. in Intell. Obs. 12 18( 1867); Lepiota alliciens (Berk.) Sacc. Syll Fung. 9 7 (1891) Type: Masulipatam, on the roof of a house, E S Berkeley. This species is described as having slender, sulphur yellow basidigcarps with 84 B Ma~u~. Figure5 1-7. l-2.Agancus exaltatus (Hooker fil. 31, holotype). 1. habit sketeh, • 0.5; 2. spores. 3. A. fulviceps Iholotype),spores. 4-5. A. latipes (Hookerfil. 24, holotype).4. habit sketch and section of stipe. X 0.5; 5. spores.6. A. squalidus (holotype),spores. 7. A. woodrowª (holotype), spores. AII • 1000 unless otherwise stated. greenish lamellae. The spores, measuring 8-10 X 6-7 lam, are broadlv ellipsoid and apically truncated by a broad germpore, and the endosporium is metac.hromatic with cresyl blue. The characters are typical of Leucocoprinus birnbaum¡ (Corda) Singer and the species is reduced in synonymy. Cooke (I888a: 105) had overlooked the original description by Berkeley (1867) and provided a second description for this species, using Berkeley's herbarium name. Lepiota altissima Massee in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1898 114 (1898) Type: Bombay, Poona, growing in open pastures, 31 August, 1895, Woodrow 22. A black-and-white photograph of the type collection shows a large, fleshy basidio- carp with an umbonate pileus with minute, concolorous squamules, and an elongate stipe. The spores are large, 9-11.5 • 6-7.8 pm, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, dextrinoid, with a metachromatic endosporium in cresyl blue, anda small but conspicuous germ-pore. On the lameUa-edge are found, clavate cheilocystidia, 26-38 X 10-15 pm, hyaline, thin-walled. AII these characters indicate this species to be a later synonym of Macrolepiota dolichaula (Berk. and Br.) Pegler and Rayner. Agaricus anax Berk. in HookerJ. Bot. 4 98 ( 1852); Lepiota anax ~Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5 28 (1887) Agaricoid and boletoid basidiom.vcetes 85 ~9 9 ,89 ,, # FiI~~ 8-19. 8-9.Ar~,u'llaria adelpha tHooker fil. 47, holotype I. 8. habit sketch and section, X 0.5; 9.