AN ANALYSIS OF THE "INTERNATIONAL CITY" STATUS AND AMBITIONS OF LYON Sean Michael McDonald B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) University of Glasgow Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Geography and Topographic Science DECEMBER 1993. ProQuest Number: 13818406 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818406 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 i h f r /o o v l Cy ^| I HSXPsnrGLASGOW .ubba rt i CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS i LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix DEDICATION xi ABSTRACT xii INTRODUCTORY MAPS xiii INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: THE CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND 4 CHAPTER ONE: The Conceptual and Empirical Basis 4 1.1 The Soldatos Theory of International Cities 5 1.11 Criteria for International Status 5 1.12 Critical Mass 8 1.2 A European Empirical Study - DATAR-RECLUS 10 1.3 LYON 2010, The City's Long Range Plan 17 1.4 Summary 19 CHAPTER TWO: Methodology and Approach 22 2.1 General Approach 2 2 2.2 The Survey Approach 22 2.3 A Qualitative Approach 23 2.4 A Combined Approach 24 2.5 Statistical and Planning Sources 24 2.6 Academic Literature 28 2.7 Personal Inquiry and Interview 29 2.8 The Media 32 2.9 Process of Analysis 33 CHAPTER THREE: The Demographic Basis 36 3.1 Regional Population Growth 37 3.2 Population Trends at the Departement Level 42 3.3 Population Trends in the Major Agglomerations 45 3.4 Summary 56 11 CHAPTER FOUR: The Political Framework 58 4.1 Official Administrative Hierarchy 58 4.11 Regions 59 4.12 Departements 65 4.13 Communes 68 4.14 Semi-Official Administrative Units 68 4.2 Operational and Planning Units 70 4.21 C.C.I.L. 71 4.22 Urban Planning Agencies 73 4.3 Post War Regional Planning 74 4.4 Lyon's Political Blueprint 81 4.41 Local Issues and Cohesion 82 4.42 Political Agenda of the C.C.I.L. 84 4.43 SEPAL: LYON 2010 88 4.44 The "NICE" Report and Conclusions 94 4.5 Elections of 1992 95 4.51 Regional Elections, March 22, 1992 95 4.52 National Referendum on Maastricht 105 4.6 Summary 108 PART TWO: THE FACILITATORS OF EUROPEAN STATUS 110 CHAPTER FIVE: The Transportation Infrastructure 111 5.1 Autoroute System 111 5.2 Railway System 119 5.21 TGV Connections 119 5.22 Basic Rail Lines 125 5.23 Rail Freight Traffic 126 5.3 Intra-City Transport System 128 5.4 Inland Navigation 129 5.5 Air Traffic 134 5.6 Transport Summary 148 CHAPTER SIX: Visitor Attraction & Reception Infrastructure 150 6.1 The Cultural Infrastructure 150 6.2 The Tourist Sector 151 6.3 Hotel and Conference Capabilities 155 6.4 The Gerland Redevelopment Project 158 Ill 6.41 Elements of Development 160 6.42 Major Development Areas 161 6.43 The Importance of Gerland 164 6.5 Cite Internationale 165 6.6 Eurexpo Exposition Centre 166 6.7 Summary 166 CHAPTER SEVEN: The Educational, Media and Diplomatic 168 Infrastructure 7.1 Higher Education 168 7.2 Press and Media 173 7.3 Foreign Population 176 7.4 Summary 180 CHAPTER EIGHT: The Internationalisation of Lyon's Economy 182 8.1 The Economic Criteria for "Intemationality" 183 8.2 The Service Sector 185 8.21 Banking 185 8.22 Insurance 189 8.23 Financial Services 190 8.24 Information Services 191 8.25 Status of the Service Sector 192 8.3 The Industrial Sector 194 8.31 Chemical-Based Industries 196 8.32 Metal Works 197 8.33 Foreign Penetration and Investment 199 8.34 Competitiveness and Regional Linkages 200 8.35 Summary of the Industrial Sector 204 8.4 The High-Technology Sector 205 8.5 International Trade 208 8.51 International Trade Totals 210 8.52 International Trade Flows & Organizations 212 8.6 Parent Headquarters 214 8.7 Lyon's Economic Image 216 8.71 Regional Survey 217 8.72 City Surveys 218 8.8 The European Central Bank 224 8.9 Economic Conclusions 229 iv PART THREE: THE URBAN AND REGIONAL SYSTEM 233 CHAPTER NINE: Lyon's Regional Linkages 234 9.1 Lyon as Regional Capital 234 9.11 The Official Regional Plan 235 9.12 The Summary Volume 237 9.13 Technical Research Reports 239 9.2 Urban Linkages within the Rhone-Alpes Region 240 9.21 La Voie Dauphine 241 9.22 Lyon - St. Etienne 244 9.23 L'Axe Alpin 245 9.24 Geneva 248 9.25 ROVALTAIN 250 9.26 La Region Urbaine de Lyon 251 9.3 Regional Integration 252 9.31 Intra-Urban Cooperation 252 9.32 Regional Economic Disparity 253 9.4 Future Scenarios 255 9.5 Summary 256 CHAPTER TEN: Lyon's International Linkages 259 10.1 A Europe of Regions 259 10.2 The Four Motors 263 10.3 Europe Mediane Alpine 268 10.4 Attitudes to Lyon's International Status - 271 a Student Questionnaire 10.5 Summary 275 CONCLUSION 277 C.1 The Soldatos Model 277 C.2 The DATAR/RECLUS Project 279 C.3 The LYON 2010 Plan 279 C.4 Lyon's Current Status 281 C.5 Approach and Potential Future Projects 284 GLOSSARY 289 BIBLIOGRAPHY 290 FURTHER SOURCES CONSULTED 3 03 APPENDIX 316 V TABLE OF TABLES PAG Results of the DATAR/RECLUS study. 11 DATAR/RECLUS classification of the 14 32 French agglomerations studied. L.E.T. "Eurocity" rankings. 15 Regional demographic trends, 1982-90. 39 Regional annual population change 40 by percentage. State/Region contract 1989: 62 financial breakdown by topic. The monopoly of Paris. 76 Voter lack of confidence. 99 Voter's concerns. 103 The voting trends of the major French 106 political parties on the referendum of September 20, 1992. Urban support for the referendum 107 within the Rhone-Alpes Region. Flows of truck traffic in the Rhone- 113 Alpes Region, 1989. Passenger volume by category, Lyon 1989. 126 Rhone-Alpes export partners in total 212 value, 1988. Harris research survey rankings. 222 Site location criteria. 223 Comparison of 4 Motors Regions 1990. 265 TABLE OF FIGURES PAGE Figure A Lyon in Europe xiii Figure B The Rhone-Alpes Region xiv Figure 1.1 Points ranking of the major non- 13 capital "Eurocities" by DATAR/RECLUS. Figure 3.1 Region Population Change - 1982-1990 38 Figure 3.2 Population of departements in total numbers. 43 Figure 3.3 Demographic evolution by percentage in 43 Rhone-Alpes departements. Figure 3.4 Departement Population Change -1982-1990 44 Figure 3.5 Departement annual percentage population 46 change by natural growth. Figure 3.6 Departement annual pecentage population 46 change by migration. Figure 3.7 Agglomerations of the Rhone-Alpes. 47 Figure 3.8 Agglomeration population totals - 1990. 48 Figure 3.9 Percentage population change in 48 agglomerations. Figure 3.10 Comparative annual population change in 49 agglomerations through migration and natural causes. Figure 3.11 Map of local administrative units. 5 2 Figure 3.12 Evolution of the population of the Lyon 53 agglomeration in total numbers. Figure 3.13 The Lyon agglomeration’s population 53 evolution by percent. Figure 3.14 Evolution of natural and migratory 5 4 population trends in the Lyon agglomeration. Figure 3.15 Rank size population graph of French 56 agglomerations - 1990. Vll Figure 4.1 Departements of the Rhone-Alpes Region. 66 Figure 4.2 Composition of the Rhone-Alpes Regional 97 Assembly after the 1986 elections. Figure 4.3 Composition of the Rhone-Alpes Regional 97 Assembly after the 1992 elections. Figure 5.1 Autoroute System of the Rhone-Alpes 112 Figure 5.2 The French TGV System - 1993 120 Figure 5.3 Rail freight 1985-1989 - Lyon and COURLY. 127 Figure 5.4 Evolution of French river traffic. 131 Figure 5.5 Top ten French river ports - 1990. 131 Figure 5.6 River traffic growth 1984-1989. 133 Figure 5.7 "Eurocity" Airport Traffic - 1989 135 Figure 5.8 Percentage increase in air passenger 135 traffic for "Eurocities" 1988-1989. Figure 5.9 Location of Lyon-Satolas International 137 Airport Figure 5.10 Growth in passenger traffic at 138 Lyon-Satolas in the 1980fs. Figure 5.11 French airport passenger traffic - 1990. 138 Figure 5.12 Percentage increase in French airport 140 passenger traffic 1988-1989. Figure 5.13 Passenger destinations from Lyon- 140 Satolas by percentage. Figure 5.14 French airport freight traffic -1990. 145 Figure 5.15 Evolution of French air traffic in 145 percentage - 1988-1989. Figure 6.1 RUL hotel occupation rates by class 154 1985-1989. Figure 6.2 International Herald Tribune daily 154 sales in 1987. Figure 6.3 4 star hotel beds versus total hotel beds. 157 Figure 6.4 Hotels by class in the Lyon agglomeration: 157 1/1/1990. vin Figure 7.1 Students in State Universities 1990-1991. 169 Figure 7.2 Composition of students at Lyon’s State 169 Universities in 1988-1989. Figure 7.3 Breakdown of Foreign Students. 170 Figure 7.4 Breakdown of students by departements.