Titelblatt der Dissertation / Beiblatt der Pflichtexemplare (Veröffentlichung) (§§ 9 und 17 Abs.2, Promotionsordnung von 2009/2010) Inter-Community Cooperation in Ethnically Plural Societies Shi`i-Maronite Relations and the Alliance between the Free Patriotic Movement and Hizbullah in Lebanon Titel der Dissertation Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors / einer Doktorin der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Manuel Samir Sakmani (Vor- und Zuname) aus Berlin (Geburtsort) 2020 (Einreichungsjahr) Rückseite des Titelblattes Vom Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie an der Philipps-Universität Marburg (Hochschulkennziffer 1180) als Dissertation angenommen am 02.10.2020 (Datum Annahme durch die Prüfungskommission/i.d.R. Tag der Disputation) Tag der Disputation / mündlichen Prüfung: 02.10.2020 1. Gutachter/-in: Prof. Dr. Rachid Ouaissa (Philipps University Marburg) 2. Gutachter/-in: Dr. Roshanack Shaery-Yazdi (University of Antwerp) Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Publikationsserver der Philipps-Universität Marburg http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung Keine kommerzielle Nutzung Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Deutschland Lizenz. Die vollständige Lizenz finden Sie unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ INTER-COMMUNITY COOPERATION IN ETHNICALLY PLURAL SOCIETIES SHI`I-MARONITE RELATIONS AND THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE FREE PATRIOTIC MOVEMENT AND HIZBULLAH IN LEBANON by Manuel Samir Sakmani Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree at the Department of Political Science and the Graduate Center for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Philipps University Marburg April 2020 First Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rachid Ouaissa (Philipps University Marburg) Second Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Roshanack Shaery-Yazdi (University of Antwerp) Statement of Authentication I hereby declare that I have written the present thesis independently, without assistance from external parties and without use of other resources than those indicated. The ideas taken directly or indirectly from external sources (including electronic sources) are duly acknowledged in the text. The material, either in full or in part, has not been previously submitted for grading at this or any other academic institution. ___________________ ______________________________________ Place, Date Signature 2 Verfassererklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig, ohne fremde Hilfe und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen (einschließlich elektronischer Quellen) direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind ausnahmslos als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit ist in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form oder auszugsweise im Rahmen einer anderen Prüfung noch nicht vorgelegt worden. ___________________ _______________________________________ Ort, Datum Unterschrift des Verfassers 3 Für meinen Sohn CONTENTS i. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...8 ii. Note on transliterations………………………………………………………............9 iii. Abbreviations………………………………………………………………..……...10 iv. Map of Lebanon….…………………………………………………………………13 v. Summary…………………………………………………………………………….14 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Research design ..................................................................................................... 20 1.1.1 Focus of research & central question ............................................................. 20 1.1.2 Working hypothesis ........................................................................................ 21 1.1.3 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 21 1.1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................... 22 1.1.5 Theoretical framework ................................................................................... 28 1.1.6 The field of community relations in Lebanon ................................................ 50 1.2 Background and state of the art ............................................................................. 64 1.2.1 Communal power-sharing and political confessionalism ............................... 64 1.2.2 Maronite-Shi`i communal relations ................................................................ 67 1.2.3 Against a “Maronite blueprint:” patterns of Lebanese nationalism ............... 69 1.2.4 The Maronites and “other” Lebanese Christians ............................................ 77 1.2.5 The FPM-Hizbullah rapprochement ............................................................... 78 2. Part I: A history of Shi`i-Maronite relations in the area of modern Lebanon ........... 84 2.1 Foundations of the Twelver Shi`i Muslim and Maronite Christian confessions ... 86 2.1.1 Twelver Shi`i Muslims ................................................................................... 86 2.1.2 Maronite Christians ........................................................................................ 93 2.2 Early encounters of Shi`a and Maronites in the area of modern Lebanon ........... 100 2.3 Shi`i-Maronite relations under Ottoman rule, 1516-1918 A.D. ........................... 104 2.4 Shi`i-Maronite relations in the First Lebanese Republic, 1918-1990 .................. 111 5 2.4.1 Towards unequal citizenship in a modern nation ......................................... 111 2.4.2 Patterns of Maronite-Shi`i distance in the new nation-state ......................... 117 2.4.3 The Civil War of 1958 and the Shihabist intermezzo ................................... 118 2.4.4 Shi`i-Maronite relations under stress: mobilization, war, occupation .......... 121 2.5 Shi`i-Maronite relations in the early Second Republic, 1990-2000 .................... 154 2.5.1 No victor – no vanquished? .......................................................................... 154 2.5.2 Hizbullah and its struggle gaining national approval ................................... 157 2.5.3 Shi`i-Maronite relations at eye-level relaunched .......................................... 160 2.6 Summarizing analysis and intermediary results................................................... 161 3. Part II: The alliance between the Free Patriotic Movement and Hizbullah ............. 168 3.1 Prologue ............................................................................................................... 168 3.2 The central actors ................................................................................................. 181 3.2.1 Hizbullah ...................................................................................................... 181 3.2.2 Al-Tayyār al-Waṭanī al-Ḥurr (Free Patriotic Movement [FPM]) ................. 198 3.3 A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) as founding document ..................... 219 3.3.1 Content of the MoU ...................................................................................... 220 3.3.2 A national or a partisan program? ................................................................ 223 3.4 Who´s alliance? .................................................................................................... 231 3.4.1 How it all began ............................................................................................ 231 3.5 The MoU´s legacy: development of relations ...................................................... 247 3.5.1 Political alliance ........................................................................................... 248 3.5.2 Grassroots alliance ........................................................................................ 295 3.6 Summarizing analysis and final results ................................................................ 307 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 318 5. Epilogue ................................................................................................................... 320 6. Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 326 6.1 Primary sources .................................................................................................... 326 6 6.1.1 Interviews conducted by the author .............................................................. 326 6.1.2 Other primary sources .................................................................................. 326 6.2 Secondary sources ................................................................................................ 332 6.2.1 Monographs .................................................................................................. 332 6.2.2 Contributions to anthologies ......................................................................... 335 6.2.3 M.A. & Doctoral theses ................................................................................ 337 6.2.4 Contributions to academic journals and e-journals ...................................... 337 6.2.5 Miscellaneous academic papers and articles ................................................ 340 6.2.6 Newspaper articles and online news resources ............................................