Index A1298C polymorphism 185 aura nofin (AF) 9, 38, 302 abnormal color vision 87 aurocyanide 8, 9 acetylcysteine 12 aurosome 134 ACR20 28, 204 auroth ioglucose 136 ACR20 responder rate 204 aurothi omalate 7- 9 ACR50 28 autoimmune disease 210 ACR70 28 autoimmun e disorders, with anti TNF-a ACR response criteria 179 therapy 272 activator protein 1 (AP-l) 70-72, 75 AV block 86 adalimumab 265 azathioprine 4, 5, 163-1 70, 294 adenosine 177, 178 azathiop rine, and allopurinol 4 adhesion molecule 135 azathioprine, and hypoxanthin e guanine adjuvant arthritis 134 phosphoribosyl transferase 4 adverse reactions, due to sulfasalazine 15 azathiop rine, and 6-mercaptopurine 4, 5 agranulocytosis 150 azathioprine, and thiopurin e methyl­ alcohol intake 192 transferase 4 allopurinol 4 azathiopr ine, and xanthine oxidase 4 alopecia 210 azathioprine, comparison with other aminosalicylate 15, 16 DMARDs 166 amodiaquine 2 azathioprine, metabolism 4, 5 anakinra 279-289 azathioprine, structur e 5 angiogenesis 135 antibody deficiency 134 betamethasone 19 antigen processing 134 bioavailability 83, 175,202,222 antigenicity, anti TNF-a therap y 271 bioavailability, oral or parente ral 175 anti-inflammatory actions of leflunomide 202 biologic agents 69 anti-TNF-a therapy 265-267,270-274 bisdesthylchloroquine 83 AP-l 70- 72,75 bucillamine 12, 13 aplastic anemia 150 apoptosis 178 C677T polymorphism 185 ASPIRE 306 calcineurin 7, 222 337 Index captopril 13 cortisone 19 cardiomyopathy 86 cost of illness (COl) 57 CDI4+ monocyte 134 cost-effectiveness 50,60, 192 chloroquine 1-4, 81, 82,293 cost-effectiveness analysis 50,51,57, 60 chloroquine, and amodiaquine 2 cost-effectiveness ratio 50 chloroquine, and lysosomes 3 cough 191 chloroquine, and mepacrine 1 CTLM-Ig 309 chloroquine, and quinacrine 3 cyclophosphamid e 294 chloroquine, chiral centre 3 cyclosporin 6,7,186,221-231,301,307,310 chloroquine, enantiomers 3, 4 cyclosporin, absorption 6 chloroquine, half life 3 cyclosporin, and calcineurin 7 chloroquine, ionisation 2, 3 cyclosporin, and cyclophilin A 7 chloroquine, lipid solubility cyclosporin, and cytochrome p450 7 chloroquine, log D 2, 3 cyclosporin, and methotrexate 186 chloroquine, log P 3 cyclosporin, structure 6 chloroquine, passive diffusion 2 cyclosporin A (CsA) 77,221,303 chloroquine, tissue binding 3 cyclosporin A, absorption of 222 chloroquine, volume of distribution 3 cyclosporin A, adverse effects of 228, 229 cholesterol 211 cyclosporin A, bioavailability of 222 cholestyramine 203 cyclosporin A, combination therapy with 225, chronic renal impairment 176 230 chrysiasis 150 cyclosporin A, distribution of 223 chrysotherapy 136 cyclosporin A, drug interactions with 223, 224 cirrhosis 190 cyclosporin A, efficacy of 224 clinical efficacy 137, 203 cyclosporin A, hypertension and 228 clinical improvement, with methotrexate 179 cyclosporin A, infection and 229 clinical pharmacology, anti TNF-a therapy 266 cyclosporin A, international guidelines for the clinical practice guidelines 38 use of 224, 230 COBRA 300 cyclosporin A, malignancy and 229 collagen-induced arthritis 134,310 cyclosporin A, monitoring of 230 color vision, abnormal 87 cyclosporin A, monotherapy of 225, 226, 230 combination of infliximab and leflunomide 209 cyclosporin A, nephrotoxicity 224 combination of leflunomide and methotrexate cyclosporin A, renal disfunction with 228 208 cyclosporin A, toxicity of 227,228 combination therapy 168, 186-188,208,209, cytochrome P450 7,223 225,230 cytokine production 133, 134 computer-based decision-support sytem 39 conception, methotrexate 191 DAS28 55 congestive heart failure (CHF), with anti TNF-a decision analysis 49 therapy 273 decision-making 26,36,37,49 corneal deposits 87 demyelinating syndrome, with anti TNF-a corticosteroids 18-21 therapy 273 338 Index depression, mood disorder due to sulfasalazine folate supplementation 189 120 folic acid 10,11, 177, 190 dermatitis 149 functional capacity/disability 142 dermatological adverse events 89 functional disability 142,153 desethylchloroquine 83 desethylhydroxychloroquine 83 gastrointestinal adverse events, leflunomide 210 dexamethasone 19 gastrointestinal hyper sensitivity reaction 169 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 175, 177 gastrointestinal side effect, hydroxychloroquine dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 200 85,86 disability 142,153,179,183,184 gastrointestinal toxicity 189 disease models, RA 51 gingival hyperplasia 229 dizziness 86 gold 7-10,133-155,293,304 drug interaction 83 gold, absorption 7, 9 duration of treatment, gold 155 gold, and auranofin 9 gold, and aurocyanide 8, 9 early RA 298 gold, and aurothiomalate 7-9 efficacy 30,84,98,100,101,122,267 gold, and lactoperoxidase 8, 9 efficacy study 30 gold, and myeloperoxidase 8, 9 efficacy, anti-TNF-a therapy 267 gold, aurosomes 8 efficacy, of sulfasalazine 98, 100, 101, 122 gold, mechanism of action 133 elimination, methotrexate 176 gold, metabolism 8, 9 elimination half-life, hydroxychloroquine 83 gold, pharmacology 136 end stage renal failure 203 gold, sodium aurothiomalate 7-9, 134 enterocolitis 151 gold, stereochemistry 7 enterohepatic circulation 176 gold, structure 8, 9 enterohepatic recirculation 202 gold complexes 7-10 eosinophilia 150 gold distribution 136 erosion and joint space narrowing 182 gold dosing 154 c-selccrin 74, 77 gold nephropathy 150 established RA 302 gold treatment, combination with methotrexate established active RA 212 145 etanercept 265, 305-307, 309 gold treatment, history 133 evidence based medicine (EBM) 26, 152 gold treatment, lactation 151 exfoliative dermatitis 149 gold treatment, liver toxicity 151 extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) gold treatment, pregnancy 151 70-73 Golgi complex 82 graft rejection 210 Felty's syndrome 210 GSTM (gold sodium thiomalate) 134 fertility, influence of sulfasalazine 121 fibroblast 135 hair bleaching 89 FIN-RACo 300 hair loss 89, 150 fludrocortisone 21 headache 86 339 Index Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) 55, interactions, pharmacological of sulfasalazine 142, 183 97 health-related quality of life 205 interleukin converting enzyme (ICE) 78 hematuria 150 interstitial lung injury 191 hepatotoxicity 187,211 intra-articular methotrexate 176 HLA region 35 intra-articular steroid 301 humoral immunity 134 intracellular folate 177 hydroxychloroquine (HQ) 1-4, 81-89, 187, intracellular signaling molecules 70 295,300 intracellular signaling pathways 69 hydroxychloroquine, and amodiaquine 2 intrahepatic cholestasis 151 hydroxychloroquine, and Iysosomes 3 hydroxychloroquine, and mepacrine 1 Janus kinase (JAK) 77 hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate 187 joint space narrowing 182 hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine 3 Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 70-73, 75 hydroxychloroquine, chiral centre 3 hydroxychloroquine, dose 87 knockout mouse, ICE 78 hydroxychloroquine, enantiomers 3, 4 hydroxychloroquine, ionisation 2, 3 lab monitoring 89 hydroxychloroquine, lipid solubility 1 lactoperoxidase 8, 9 hydroxychloroquine, log D 2, 3 leflunomide 10,187,199-213,304,307 hydroxychloroquine, log P 3 leflunomide, half life 10, 203 hydroxychloroquine, passive diffusion 2 leflunomide, metabolism 10 hydroxychloroquine, structure 2 leucopenia 119, 150 hypertension 210,228 leucopenia, due to sulfasalazine treatment 119 hypertrichosis 229 liposome encapsulated GSTM 134 hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl liver biopsy 190 transferase 4 liver necrosis 151 long-term efficacy, leflunomide 204 ICE knockout mouse 78 long-term observational study, gold 140 IgM 134 long-term outcome, treatment with sulfasalazine IKK 76 104 Il-1~ 82 Lyell's syndrome 149 immunoglobulin 134 lymphocyte 134 infection 169,210,229,271 lysosome 3, 134 infection , in anti TNF-a therapy 271 infliximab 209,265,306,307 macrophage 134 infusion reactions/injection site reactions, malformations in pregnancy, hydroxy­ anti TNF-a therapy 270 chloroquine 87 inhibition of progression, TNF blockers malignancy, in anti TNF-a therapy 272 153 MAPK activated protein kinase (MAPKAP K) inhibitor of nuclear factor KB inducing kinase 72, 73 (IKB) 75,76 MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) 72 340 Index marrow suppression, azathioprine 168 NF-AT 71 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 135,237 NF-KB 71-76,133,134 mechanims of action, anti-TNF-a therap y 265 NF-KB dimer 75 mechanism of action, of sulfasalazine 93 NF-KB inducing kinase (NIK) 75 membranous glomerulonephritis 150 NF-KB inhibitors 76 mepacrine 1 nitritoid reactions 151 mercaptopurine 4, 5 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) mesalazine 15, 16 177 methotrexate (MTX) 10, 11, 83, 139, 145, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 76, 175-192,208,300-304,307 77 methotrexate, and folic acid 10, 11 number needed to harm (NNH) 29 methotrexate, and cyclosporin 186 number needed to treat (NNT) 29,32 methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine 187 methotrexate, and leflunomide 187 olsalazine 15 methotrexate, cellular effects 177 oral bioavailability, methotrexate 179 methotrexate, dosage 179 oral folic acid 190 methotrexate, log P 10 osteoclast differentiation 75 methotrexate, polyglutamation 10 oxygen radicals 135 methotrexate induced nodulosis 190 methylprednisolone 20 p38 MAPK 70, 71, 75 methylprednisolone acetate 20 p38 MAPK family 72-75 methylprednisolone sodium succcinate 20 p38 MAPK inhibitor 73-75 metoprolol 83 pancytopenia 150, 273 minocycline 16-18,239 pancytopenia, with anti TNF-a therapy 273 minocycline, half life 18 patient preferences 36, 37 minocycline, ionisation 17-18 penicillamine 11-15 minocycline, log P 18 d-penicillamine 295 minocycline, structure 17 penicillamine pKa 11 minocycline, volume of