UNIT 4 1790—1860 The Nation Expands Chapter 12 The North Chapter 13 The South Chapter 14 New Movements in America Chapter 15 A Divided Nation 378 6-8_SNLAESE484693_U04O.indd 378 7/2/10 1:06:42 PM What You Will Learn… The United States continued to grow in size and wealth, experiencing revolutions in technology and business as did other parts of the world. During the earliest phases of expansion, regions of the United States developed differently from each other. Citizens differed in their ideas of progress, government, and religion. For the success of the nation, they tried to compromise on their disagreements. In the next four chap- ters, you will learn about two regions in the United States, and how they were alike and different. Explore the Art This painting shows a bustling street scene in New York City around 1797. What does the scene indicate about business in the city during this period? 379 6-8_SNLAESE484693_U04O.indd 379 7/2/10 1:07:17 PM FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 12, The North Expands (1790–1860) EVENTS 1851: The fi rst installment of Uncle Tom’s Cabin is printed. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a ctional story intended to show the evils of slavery. e story, initially written and published in installments in a magazine, was so popular that Stowe decided to publish it in book form. e story had its intended e ect… rallying thousands of people in support of the anti-slavery movement. As popular as the story was in the North, it enraged slave supporters in Florida and across the South, and fueled the division between the North and the South that led to the outbreak of the Civil War. EVENTS 1858: Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas hold political debates. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas ran against each other for an Illinois seat in the U.S. Senate. e Lincoln-Douglas debates often focused on the issue of slavery, in particular plantation slavery that supported the cotton economy of Florida and other Southern states. While Lincoln did not win the election, the debates brought him national recognition, contributing to his successful presidential campaign in 1860. Florida. .The Story Continues PEOPLE 1848: Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) supports the women’s suffrage movement as it spreads to Florida. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland. He escaped in 1838 and ed to Massachusetts, where he joined the See Chapter 1 abolitionist movement. Using his skills as a writer and orator, he created a weekly newspaper called the North Star. Douglass also supported the women’s su rage movement, and spoke at Photo credits: 379 FL1 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C12_SC.indd 1 2/17/11 10:50:58 AM the rst feminist convention at Seneca the Underground Railroad. Between Falls in 1848. ough initiated by women 1845 and 1860, some 40 percent of in the North, by the end of the 19th Florida’s population were slaves. century, the women’s su rage move- ment was growing in Florida and other Southern states. EVENTS 1798–1808: Eli Whitney (1765– 1825) invents a way to manufac- ture guns with interchangeable parts. One of the North’s advantages during the PLACES 1830–1861: Slaves are helped to escape to freedom along the Civil War was its manufacturing econo- Underground Railroad. e term my, which provided most of the nation’s Underground Railroad describes the wealth and gave the North more resourc- e orts of those who helped slaves es to support a long war. at manufac- escape to freedom in the North and turing economy owed its beginnings to Canada. Conductors helped runaways the work of Eli Whitney, who invented a traveling along the “railroad.” Others way to make guns with interchangeable housed and fed runaways in their parts. While states like Florida, which homes, known as depots and stations. relied on a cotton economy, were Still others helped escapees nd work adversely a ected by the Civil War, facto- and get settled in their new lives. Slavery ries in the North produced the equipment was entrenched in Florida at the time of needed to supply and arm Union soldiers. Unpacking the Florida Standards <… Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8–FL21 to unpack all other standards related to this chapter. Benchmark SS.8.A.4.6 Identify technological improvements (inven- tions/inventors) that contributed to industrial growth. Examples are Fitch/ steamboat, Slater/textile mill machinery, Whitney/cotton gin, interchange- able parts, McCoy/industrial lubrication, Fulton/commercial steamboat, Lowell/ mechanized cotton mill. What does it mean? Name significant inventions and who developed them, including John Fitch (steam- Florida. .The Story Continues boat), Samuel Slater (textile mill machinery), Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Elijah McCoy (industrial lubrication), Robert Fulton (commercial steamboat), and the mechanized cotton mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. Go to Chapter 12, The North, 1790–1860, for help. See Chapter 1 SS.8.A.2.1, SS.8.A.4.17, SS.8.A.4.18 See Spotlight on Florida History for Photo credits: content specifically related to these Chapter 12 standards. 379 FL2 2_6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C12_SC 2 2/26/11 8:37:19 AM CHAPTER 12 1790–1860 The North Essential Question What changes occurred in the North during the early 1800s? Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SS.8.A.4.5 Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the 19th century transportation revolution on the growth of the nation’s economy. SS.8.A.4.6 Identify technological improvements (inventions/inventors) that contributed to industrial growth. SS.8.A.4.7 Explain the causes, course, and conse- quences (industrial growth, subsequent effect on children and women) of New England’s textile industry. SS.8.A.4.10 Analyze the impact of technological advancements on the agricultural economy and slave labor. SS.8.A.4.13 Explain the consequences of landmark Supreme Court decisions (McCulloch v. Maryland [1819], Gibbons v. Odgen [1824], Cherokee Nation v. Georgia [1831], and Worcester v. Georgia [1832]) significant to this era of American history. SS.8.E.2.2 Explain the economic impact of government policies. SS.8.E.3.1 Evaluate domestic and inter- national interdependence. SS.8.G.2.3 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of how selected regions of the United States have changed over time. SS.8.G.3.2 Use geographic terms and tools to explain differing perspectives on the use of renewable and non-renewable resources in the United States and Florida over time. SS.8.G.4.4 Interpret databases, case studies, and maps to describe the role that regions play in influencing trade, migration patterns, and cultural/political interaction in the United States throughout time. SS.8.G.4.5 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of the development, growth, and changing nature of cities and urban centers in the United States over time. SS.8.G.5.1 Describe hu- man dependence on the physical environment and natural resources to satisfy basic needs in local environments in the United States. SS.8.G.5.2 Describe the impact of human modifications on the physical environment and ecosystems of the United States throughout history. FOCUS ON WRITING 1807 Robert Fulton’s Newspaper Advertisement The Industrial Revolution was a time Clermont becomes when a great many new inventions were introduced. You work for an the first commer- advertising agency, and your job is to design an advertisement for one of cially successful steamboat. the inventions mentioned in this chapter. As you read, take notes on the inventions, their inventors, and how they changed life in the United States. 179 0 Then choose one invention and design a newspaper advertisement to 1790 persuade readers to buy or use the invention. The first steam- powered mill opens in Great Britain. 380 CHAPTER 12 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C12O.indd 380 1/31/11 12:48:31 PM Women workers in a textile mill The Industrial Revolution New machinery like this textile mill helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. 1830 1840 1845 1856 The Tom Thumb Federal Sarah Bagley is Gail Borden becomes the first government appointed secretary patents a method of locomotive in the employees of the New England condensing milk so United States to receive a 10- Working Men’s that it can be safely carry passengers. hour workday. Association. stored in cans. 1830 184 0 1850 186 0 1838 1846 1851 The Sirius becomes the first German astronomer London’s Great Exhibition ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean Johann Galle observes that displays inventions from around entirely under steam power. Neptune is a planet. the world in the Crystal Palace. 381 6-8_SNLAESE484693_C12O.indd 381 7/2/10 12:52:54 PM Reading Social Studies Society Geography Politics Economics and Culture Science and Technology Focus on Themes As you read this chapter, patterns changed. Next, you will read about how you will learn about how developments in science family life changed as more and more people went to and technology brought about what is called the work in factories. Finally, you will see how new methods Industrial Revolution. As a result of the Industrial of transportation changed where people lived and Revolution, you will see how American economic how new inventions affected daily life and work. Causes and Effects in History Focus on Reading Have you heard the saying, Cause and Effect Chains You might say that all of “We have to understand the past to avoid repeating history is one long chain of causes and effects. It may it.”? That is one reason we look for causes and effects help you to understand the course of history better if in history.