APPENDIX- 3 India Meteorological Department Central Training Institute Syllabus for Integrated Basic Course Six Months Duration Hours of teaching for each subject Sr.No Subject Hour 1 Observational system (Theory+Practical) 75+150=225 2 Dynamic Meteorology (Theory + Practical) 70+20=90 3 Physical Meteorology & Oceanography (Theory + 60+20=80 Practical) 4 Synoptic Meteorology & Aviation (Theory + 60+90=150 Practical) 5a Climate Science 50 5b Statistics (Theory+Practical) 25+25=50 6 Computer Programming and basics of Information 50+25=75 Technology 7 Applied Meteorology 20 8 Satellite Meteorology 15 9 Radar Meteorology 5 Total 710 Observational Systems (Theory: 75 hours, Practical: 150 hours) Introduction Structure of the atmosphere, meteorological elements to be observed General principles of observations: representativeness of observations, Metadata, general requirement of a meteorological observatory, siting and exposure, measurement standards and definitions, uncertainty of measurements, Operational measurement accuracy requirements and instrument performance. Surface Observations Introduction; Meteorological elements; Atmospheric Pressure and its measurement; Barometer – Fortin and Kew Pattern, description, reading, correction, reducing the value to mean sea level, exposure; Aneroid barometer. Thermometer: Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, maximum and minimum – description, method of working, reading and resetting; Stvenson screen, exposure, care of instruments. Humidity – Definition, calculation of relative humidity from dry and wet bulb readings; Dew point temperature; Description and working of Assman and Whirling psychrometer. Wind instruments - Definition of wind, units, Beaufort scale; Wind vane and anemometer, description and. working and exposure Rain gauge: - Description and working, measurement of rain, exposure. Surface Observatory - description and arrangement of various instruments Clouds classification types, description, amount, height of base and direction of movement Visibility: - Definition, visibility land marks, night visibility Present weather: Description, definition of various weather phenomena, symbolic representation and past weather. Recording of surface observations - pocket register; Monthly Meteorological register, weather diary Self recording instruments - description and working of barograph, thermograph, hygrograph, self recording rain gauge, Dines P. T. anemograph, and Sunshine recorder, tabulation and analysis of barograph, anemograph and thermograms ARG,AWS,Aviation Met Instrument including transmissometer & ceilometer, Agrometeorological and radiation instruments. Upper Air Observations: Instruments and accessories used in pilot balloon work; Method of calculating upper wind's; Description of theodolite, prismatic compass, datum point, azimuth and elevation angles, graticule reading; Free lift tables; Filling the balloon; P. B. ascent without tail, following the balloon and taking readings; Computation of upper winds; P..B. ascent with tail, graticule reading, and derivation of the formula for calculating the height, drawing the trajectory and computation of winds; P B ascent at night; Upper wind registers. Meteor Report: Artillery and Anti aircraft; Equivalent constant Wind and ballistic temperatures; Computation of Meteor reports Principles of measurement of upper air temperature, pressure and humidity by Meteorograph and Radio sondes; Principle of measuring winds by Radar and Radio theodolite method; (elementary ideas only) IMD’s Observational networks: Brief description of instruments installed and measurement procedures at surface observatories, Automatic Weather Stations, Agromet observatories, Marine observations, Aeronautical Meteorological Observatories, Radiation stations, Satellite based observations, Radar stations including Doppler radars, BAPMoN stations, etc. Codes: Introduction, Surface (synoptic & asynoptic) (land & sea) codes, upper air codes, Temp code, METAR, SPECl; TAF; and ROFOR and FIFOR codes. Exercises in coding and decoding. Dynamic Meteorology Theory (Total Hours = 70) Mathematical preliminaries (10 hours): Basics of vector algebra (addition, dot product, cross product and properties), Introduction to vector differential operator, divergence of a vector, gradient of a scalar, curl of a vector and their properties. Stoke’s theorem & Gauss divergence theorem (No derivation, statement and interpretation only). Ordinary & Partial differential equations with examples, order & degree of differential equation, concepts with simple example linear & nonlinear differential equation (ordinary & partial both).Condition for elliptic, parabolic & hyperbolic partial differential equation. Fundamentals of Mechanics (3 Hours). Concept of continuum. Basic conservation laws governing the atmospheric motion. Frames of reference Atmospheric forces: Real & apparent forces, body & surface forces: Coriolis force, Pressure gradient force, Centrifugal force, Gravity and Gravitation. Equation of Motion (4 hours): Vector equation of motion in inertial & non-inertial frame (No derivation). Local tangential coordinate system. Equation of motion (in component form), explanation (without derivation) of all the terms. Pressure as a vertical co-ordinate & its usefulness. Horizontal equation of motion with pressure as a vertical co-ordinate. Scale analysis (4 hours): Concept of order of magnitude. Dimensional analysis of different field variable. Concept of scale analysis: Definition of scale of a weather system. Different steps to be followed for scale analysis. Momentum equations for mid-latitude synoptic scale system after scale analysis. Geostrophic approximation (4 hours): Definition and properties of geostrophic wind. Vectorial expression for geostrophic wind. Schematic diagram to show how geostrophic balance can be achieved. Rossby number. Use of Rossby number. Ageostrophic wind: Definition, vectorial expression and its property. Hydrostatic approximation (2 hours): What is hydrostatic approximation? Discussion on the validity of this approximation. Using above approximation, definition of atmospheric pressure at any point. Definition of geopotential and geopotential height of a point and corresponding units. Hypsometric equation (no derivation) and its use in computing thickness of a layer of atmosphere Balanced flow (5 hours): Introduction to natural co-ordinate system. Horizontal equation of motion in natural co-ordinate. Gradient balance and gradient wind. Physically possible different gradient flow. Examples. Limits for gradient flow..Special cases of gradient balance: - geostrophic balance, inertial balance, and cyclostrophic balance. Examples. Vertical variation of wind (10 hours): Concept of vertical wind shear. Schematic explanation for horizontal temperature gradient leading to vertical shear of geostrophic wind. Thermal wind: Definition, Thermal wind equation and properties of thermal wind. Application of the concept of thermal wind in explaining Sub tropical westerly jet, Tropical easterly jet, intensification of cold (warm) core low (high) with height, tilt of axis of low (high) towards cold (warm), cold and warm advection associated with veering/backing of geostrophic wind. Concept of barotropic and baroclinic atmosphere. Kinematics of wind field (3 hours): Definition of Streamlines, stream function, trajectory, Blaton’s equations, streamline patterns for pure translations, pure divergence, pure rotations and deformations. Kinematics of pressure field (2 hours): Definition and mathematical expression for center of Lows/ highs, equation for trough/ ridge and Col. Pressure tendency equation & physical interpretation of different terms in it. Expression for the velocity of a symmetric isobaric pattern. Conservation of mass (2 hours): Equation of continuity, Dines compensation principle, Concept of the level of non-divergence. Moisture continuity equation. Divergence & vorticity (2 hours): Definition of Divergence and vorticity & their mathematical expression. Illustration by typical cases on synoptic charts. Introduction to PBL (4 hours): Definition of PBL, Importance of PBL, concepts of Reynolds average, Mean & eddy motion, Convective turbulence & mechanical turbulence, depth of PBL, Static stability, Richardson number. Introduction to NWP (5 hours): What is broadly understood by the term ‘NWP model’? What are different components of a NWP model (basic concept only)? Different NWP models/centers like NEMRWF, ECMWF, UKMO, JMA, FSU, NCEP etc. NWP products (10 hours): NWP Products (10 hours): Different products: Direct and Derived, Post processing of model output: Local, Regional, Global products, Availability of NWP products on internet. Model output verification: Forecast skills, Forecast errors, Systematic errors. Model output applications: Comfort Index, Down scale of NWP model like location specific forecast, Statistical interpretation (model output statistic (MOS) & perfect prognostic method (PPM), 6.5. Processes Modeling: Basic concepts on Storm Surge, Ocean State Modeling, Crop Weather Model, Pollution Model, Aviation Hazard Modeling, Hydrological Cycles. Practical (Total hour = 20) Computation (10 hours): Computation of horizontal divergence & vorticity at a point on the streamline using curvature method. Computation of the above and vertical velocity using finite difference grid, Computation of precipitable water content, Computation of geostrophic wind, thermal wind, thermal advection, moisture flux and vertical wind. Introduction to visualization packages like graphics and