EDITORIAL BOARD Joint Managing Editors: • Solon Ardittis (Eurasylum) • Frank Laczko (International Organization for Migration – IOM) MIGRATION Editorial Advisers: • Joanne van Selm (Eurasylum) • Karoline Popp (International Organization for Migration – IOM) Editorial Coordinator: POLICY • Valerie Hagger (International Organization for Migration – IOM) Editorial Assistants: • Mylene Buensuceso/Melissa Borlaza PRACTICE (International Organization for A Bimonthly Journal for and by Policymakers Worldwide Migration – IOM) • Anna Lyn Constantino (International Organization for Migration – IOM) ISSN 2223-5248 Vol. V, Number 3, July 2015–September 2015 Editorial Committee: • Aderanti Adepoju (Human Resources Development Centre, Lagos, Nigeria) • Richard Ares Baumgartner (European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the European Union – FRONTEX, Warsaw) • Peter Bosch (European Commission, Brussels) • Juan Carlos Calleros (Staff Office of the President of Mexico) • David Costello (Commissioner, Office of the Refugee Applications, from the Government of Ireland) • Howard Duncan (Metropolis, Ottawa, Canada) • Neli Esipova (Gallup World Poll, New York) • Araceli Azuara Ferreiro (Organization of American States – OAS, Washington, D.C.) • Philippe Fargues (Migration Policy Somalis arrive at Bossaso Port in Puntland, Somalia last 13 June 2015. © IOM 2015. Centre – MPC, Florence) • Lukas Gehrke (International Centre for Migration Policy Development – 2 Introduction ICMPD, Vienna) Solon Ardittis and Frank Laczko • Shahidul Haque (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of the People’s 3 Regional cooperation in international migration: Republic of Bangladesh) The case of the Arab Region • Michelle Leighton (International Enas El Fergany Labour Office – ILO, Geneva) • Pietro Mona (Swiss Agency for 9 La genèse de la politique d’immigration au Maroc Development and Cooperation, Charef Mohamed Federal Department of Foreign 14 Beyond root causes: Fragmented migration Affairs, Berne) in the Middle East and North Africa region • William McClure (Australian Department of Immigration and Michael Collyer, Bashair Ahmed, Markus Breines, Border Protection) Vanessa Iaria and Elisa Pascucci • Jennifer McDonald (Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency, 19 Human trafficking and exploitation in times of crisis: Ministry of National Security, Considerations for the Middle East and North Africa region Jamaica) towards bridging the protection gap • Sankar Ramasamy (Department of Agnes Tillinac Labour, New Zealand) • Dilip Ratha (World Bank, Washington, 23 The North Africa Mixed Migration Task Force D.C.) CONTENTS and the Mixed Migration Hub • Cécile Riallant (EC-UN Joint Migration Steve Thorpe and Development Initiative, Brussels) • Nand Kishore Singh (Member of the 25 Migration research in the Middle East and North Africa: An Indian Parliament, New Delhi) overview of recent and forthcoming publications • Simon Tonelli (Council of Europe, Strasbourg) 28 Publications • Adriana van Dooijeweert (Dutch Advisory Committee on Migration 31 MPP Readers’ Survey Affairs – ACVZ, The Hague) Published jointly by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Eurasylum Ltd. • Maia Welbourne (Citizenship and Immigration Canada – CIC, Ottawa) • Klaus F. Zimmermann (Institute for the Study of Labor – IZA, Bonn) 66_15 Vol. V, Number 3, July 2015–September 2015 2 MIGRATION POLICY PRACTICE Introduction Solon Ardittis and Frank Laczko1 elcome to the new issue of Migration Policy of people with different needs and opportunities to Practice, which focuses on the migration move; and (2) it fails to account for onward migration. Wchallenges facing the countries of the The authors demonstrate the weakness of the “root Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It is often said causes approach” through interviews with nearly 100 that no country can manage migration successfully migrants in the North Eastern Africa region in early alone, as migration inevitably involves a relationship 2015. A key finding of the research is that Europe is not between at least two States. The first article in this the intended destination even for many of those who issue, by Enas El Fergany from the League of Arab eventually get there, at least when they leave their States (LAS), addresses the important topic of how to homes. The authors conclude that the “root causes” promote regional migration cooperation in the Arab approach is not a very useful tool for policymakers region. The Arab region hosts more than 30 million because it does not fully explain why certain people international migrants, and migration has an important in a country move, usually a small minority, while the impact on the development of these countries. The majority do not. Arab countries are estimated to have received more than USD 53 billion in remittances in 2014. The LAS The fourth article in this issue, by Agnes Tillinac, is a regional intergovernmental organization of 22 discusses the subject of human trafficking in the MENA Arab countries and has recently established, for the region. The article presents new data on trafficking first time, an Arab Regional Consultative Process on based on research conducted in 2014 in Iraq, Libya and Migration (ARCP). One of the initiatives that will be Syrian Arab Republic. In Iraq, recent reports suggest implemented by the ARCP is to establish an Arab that up to 7,000 people may have been abducted for Information System on Migration. the purposes of sexual exploitation, forced marriage and other slavery-like practices. The article stresses The second article in this issue, by Charef Mohamed, the need to look at the way in which humanitarian focuses on migration policy changes in Morocco. The crises can increase human trafficking, and change its article explains how Morocco has developed a new patterns and render persons already displaced more migration policy and highlights how the country has vulnerable to trafficking. become an important destination that hosts perhaps up to 450,000 migrants in an irregular situation, in The last article in this issue, by Steve Thorpe, presents addition to the 86,000 legal migrants. Some of the an innovative new project – the Mixed Migration noteworthy events in Morocco over the past two years Hub (Mhub). This initiative was developed within the have included the reforms to the migration and asylum framework of the North Africa Mixed Migration Task policy prompted by the September 2013 report by Force, which is a group consisting of several agencies the Conseil National des Droits de l’Homme, as well including the Danish Refugee Council, IOM, the as a regularization campaign conducted throughout Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2014. The author concludes that it will be important the Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (Nairobi), to improve data collection to better understand the the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees needs of migrants in Morocco. (UNHCR) and UN Office on Drugs and Crime. MHub is an information and research network that collects, Nearly every day in the media, we hear decision analyses and disseminates relevant data across the makers or experts talking about the need to address MENA region. the “root causes of migration”, to tackle the European migration crisis. The third article in this issue – by The editors of Migration Policy Practice would like Michael Collyer, Bashair Ahmed, Markus Breines, to thank Karoline Popp and Jennifer Sparks, of Vanessa Iaria and Elisa Pascucci – questions the IOM’s Office in Cairo, for all their dedicated efforts validity of using the concept of “root causes”. It to generate and coordinate the five contributions is argued that the root cause approach has two published in this special issue on the MENA countries. significant weaknesses: (1) it does not provide a basis for differentiating between different groups We thank all the contributors to this issue of Migration Policy Practice and invite readers to spare a couple of minutes to participate in a survey which aims to help 1 Solon Ardittis is Managing Director of Eurasylum Ltd. Frank us identify our readers’ profiles, the institutions they Laczko is Head of the Migration Research Division at the represent and their primary interests in our journal. International Organization for Migration (IOM) Headquarters Should you wish to participate in this survey, please in Geneva. They are the co-editors of Migration Policy Practice. click here.n Vol. V, Number 3, July 2015–September 2015 MIGRATION POLICY PRACTICE 3 Regional cooperation in international migration: The case of the Arab Region Enas El Fergany1 Introduction entities are eager now to establish partnerships with other regions, regardless of geographic proximity. nternational migration is a constant and dynamic Major interests have led to interaction between phenomenon which is affected, especially now, quite separate regions that enjoy different levels of Iby many factors, including demographic changes economic and social development.3 in northern countries, conflicts, instability and high unemployment rate in southern countries. It is also Intergovernmental cooperation is now observable associated with other issues such as development, in most parts of the world and new forums have security and demography. This creates greater emerged based on cooperation between countries incentives to strengthen international and regional and coordination among various decision-making cooperation in this field, and requires diversified