NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES K ARL SPENCER L ASHLEY 1890—1958 A Biographical Memoir by F R A N K A. B E A C H Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1961 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. KARL SPENCER LASHLEY ]une y, 1890-August 7,1958 BY FRANK A. BEACH Eminent psychologist with no earned degree in psychology Famous theorist who specialized in disproving theories, including his own Inspiring teacher who described all teaching as useless ARL SPENCER LASHLEY, one of the great psychologists of our time, K was born on June 7, 1890, and died on August 7, 1958. His birth occurred in Davis, West Virginia; his death in Poitiers, France. Over a span of sixty-eight years Karl Lashley grew from a small- town boy with the heart of a naturalist to become an eminent neu- ropsychologist. He helped to shape the beginning of a new era in physiological psychology, and his research and theorizing concerning the brain and behavior had an important influence upon contempo- raneous thought in psychology and neurology. Ancestry. Lashley came from substantial, middle-class stock of English derivation. Henry Lashley, Karl's paternal great-grandfa- ther, owned a tannery and a brickyard in the village of Gilpin, Mary- land, which was located about twelve miles from Cumberland. He also owned, at various times, small stores in Flintstone, Cumberland, and Davis. Henry had little use for formal education, and as soon as his sons had completed their elementary schooling they became clerks in one of his merchandising establishments. Three sons even- tually became managers of branch stores. 164 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Karl's grandfather, Jacob Lashley, managed the store in Davis, and was succeeded by Charles Gilpin Lashley, Karl's father. Charles had at one time expressed an ambition to "read medicine" with a local physician, but Jacob persuaded him to follow the family tra- dition. In addition to managing the family store, Charles Lashley organized a small bank in Davis, and held a number of political posts. He served as mayor for several terms, and was appointed postmaster during the administrations of Harrison, Coolidge, and Hoover. Fragmentary notes left by Karl portray his father as a kindly man with a certain talent for local politics, some business acumen, and strong family ties and affections, but without any pow- erful ambition or drive—all in all not a likely sire to a famous scientist. On the distaff side, Lashley's great-grandfather was Osa Spencer, also of English blood. By his second wife, Ann Mercer, Osa fathered seven children including David Hatton Spencer, grandfather to Karl. David married Maria Chalfonte who must have been a woman of great energy and strong character for she not only raised nine children, but, following her husband's death, successfully man- aged the family farm for thirty-six years until her death at the age of ninety. Karl's grandmother Maria was the daughter of William Chalfonte and Elizabeth Edwards. Elizabeth, in turn was descended from Jonathan Edwards, to whose judgment General George Wash- ington often deferred with the statement, "We must consult Brother Jonathan." Although, as noted later, Karl steadfastly refused to pre- pare a formal autobiography, he did occasionally jot down casual notes and observations concerning his own history. At one time he wrote of his hereditary background, ". it is clear that the intellec- tual curiosity and drive descended through that maternal line." The plausibility of this conclusion is increased by consideration of the talents and accomplishments of Karl's mother. Maggie Blanche Spencer, daughter of David and Maria, had a normal school education and began teaching country school at the age of sixteen. KARL SPENCER LASHLEY 165 She was always an avid reader, and she amassed a personal library of more than 2,000 volumes. Throughout her life she manifested great reverence for learning, and although she resigned her school position at the time of her marriage to Charles Lashley, Maggie never ceased teaching. The Lashley home in Davis became a center for what today would be called "adult education" where women came for instruction in a variety of subjects ranging from civics to Greek poetry and drama. Not content with caring for her family and acting as instructress to her neighbors, Maggie Lashley opened and operated a commercial photographic studio. As a hobby she learned the art of painting and firing chinaware, and became expert in the production of delicate, translucent cups, saucers, and other pieces. Considering the accomplishments of Henry, Jacob, and Charles Lashley, and comparing these with the descriptions of Osa and Maggie Spencer, one is strongly inclined to agree with Karl's belief that the hereditary elements contributing to his own intellectual reach and thirst for knowledge are traceable chiefly to "Edwards genes." The Early Years. The remarkable woman, Maggie Lashley, ex- erted a very powerful influence upon the early development of Karl, her only child. They were extremely close, and from his mother the boy acquired a love of nature and of learning. In later years he was wont to say that he was reared on a combination of Nestle's Food and Nietzsche, although later we shall have something to say con- cerning Lashley's love of the "low bow." In any event, Lashley's mother encouraged him in intellectual pur- suits, with the result that he could read at the age of four, and throughout his childhood made avid use of the extensive family library. But Karl was not destined to be merely a bookworm for he had the instincts of a naturalist, and from early childhood displayed a deep interest in plant life and in all kinds of animals, both wild and domestic. A favorite boyhood pastime was to wander through l66 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS the woods and fields, observing and sometimes collecting various plants and animals. At different times he maintained collections of butterflies, snakes, frogs, and snails, not to mention pet mice and racoons. Upon at least one occasion young Karl's interest in animal be- havior took a practical turn. The family barn was infested by large numbers of rats, and his father offered to pay five cents for each rodent bagged. The first day of trapping yielded thirty-six rats; the second brought twenty-seven. At this point Lashley senior prudently terminated the contract. An interest in animals persisted throughout his life, and Lashley was never without some kind of pet. At one time he owned a cat and a parrot, but the combination created certain unexpected prob- lems when the voluble bird displayed a disconcerting tendency to adopt the cat's new-born kittens. The roster of pets included another cat (Gottlieb Teufel), a cockateel, a monkey, and several dogs, the last of which was Till Eulenspiegel, who developed, under her mas- ter's tutelage, an inordinate fondness for daiquiris and pink ladies. It is of considerable significance that during his childhood, while he was exploring the countryside or browsing in his mother's library, Karl had very few playmates. Most of his time seems to have been spent in solitude or in the company of adults. It was a prophetic pattern, in a way, for many years later Lashley told the present writer that some of his happiest days were spent all alone on an island in the Dry Tortugas. During his childhood Karl discharged the usual stint of chores expected of a boy living in a small town near the turn of the cen- tury. He was responsible for the care of a pair of fine carriage horses owned by his father, and at the close of each day he brought in the family cow. The latter was no mean feat since there was no fenced pasture, and the beast was free to roam the countryside at will. When he grew a bit older Karl was also expected to clerk in his father's general store. Lashley's pronounced aptitude for mechanical achievement showed KARL SPENCER LASHLEY X&J itself when he was quite young. He was fascinated by his mother's sewing machine, and learned to use it very efficiently,—an accom- plishment which proved useful later when he made sails for the boats which he owned at different times. His preoccupation with sewing was so intense that Karl's father was afraid the machine would wear out, and as a substitute the boy was presented with a jigsaw outfit. This opportunity to construct things with his hands was welcome, and from his new workshop there issued a steady flow of expertly designed and finely executed articles ranging in size from spectacle cases to living room furniture. The pleasure derived from diis form of creativity persisted throughout life, and even after his retirement Lashley continued with his cabinet making, and extended his efforts to include the remodeling of his house. Most of Karl's childhood was spent in Davis, but there was a four- year interlude during which the family moved several times. Be- tween 1894 and 1898 they lived in Elk Garden, and Hartmansville, West Virginia, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The move to Seattle in 1897 resulted in experiences which made a strong impression on the seven-year-old boy. In an informal account set down years later Lashley recalled the fever of the gold rush, and meetings with such swashbuckling characters as Swiftwater Bill and Klondike Pete who sported nugget jewelry and recounted tall tales about fabulous "strikes" and the dangers of encountering bird-sized Alaskan mos- quitoes.